BIOL 101 Ch 1-2
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| biology | the scientific study of life
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| matter | anything that occupies space and has mass; three physical states: solid, liquid, and gas
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| organic compound | a chemical compound containing the element carbon and usually the element hydrogen
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| functional group | a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions
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| hydrophillic | water-loving polar or charged molecules that are soluble in water
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| macromolecules | a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction
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| polymer | a long molecule consisting of many identical or similar monomers linked together by covalent bonds
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| monomer | the subunit that serves a building block of a polymer
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| monomer of protein once digested | amino acids
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| monomer of starch once of digested | glucose
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| monomer of fiber once digested | glucose
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| monomer of saturated fats | glycerol and saturated fatty acids
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| monomer of unsaturated fats | glycerol and unsaturated fats
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| monomer of phospholipids | hydrophilic head and fatty acids
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| monomer of DNA | nucleotide
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| dehydration reaction | a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule
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| hydrolysis | a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; the process by which polymers are broken down and an essential part of digestion
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| enzyme | a macromolecule, usually a protein that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction
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| carbohydrates | member of the class of biological molecules consisting of single monomer sugars, two monomer sugars, and polymers
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| monosaccharide | the simplest carbohydrate; a simple sugar with a molecular formula that is generally some multiple of CH20
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| glucose | a six-carbon monosaccharide that serves as a building block for many polysaccharides and whose oxidation in cellular respiration is a major source of ATP for cells.
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| disaccharide | a sugar molecule consisting of two monosaccharides linked by a dehydration reaction
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| polysaccharide | a carbohydrate polymer of many monosaccharides (sugars) linked by dehydration reactions
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| starch | a storage polysaccharide in plants; a polymer of glucose
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| glycogen | an extensively branches glucose storage polysaccharide found in liver and muscle cell; the animal equivalent of starch
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| cellulose | a structurl polysaccharide of plant cell walls composed of glucose monomers
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| chitin | a structural polysaccharide found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of arthropods
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| lipids | an organic compound consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by non polar covalent bonds, making mostly hydrophobic compounds
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| main function of fats | energy storage
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| hydrophobic | "water-fearing", non polar molecules that do not dissolve in water
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| fat | a lipid composed of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; triglyceride
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| unsaturated fatty acid | a fatty acid with one or more double bonds between carbon in the hydrocarbon tail, lacking the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
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| saturated fatty acid | a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, where the maximum number of hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon skeleton
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| trans fat | unsaturated fat linked to health risks that is formed artificially during hydrogenation of vegetable oils
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| phospholipids | a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.
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| protein | a functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded into a specific three-dimensional structure
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| amino acid | an organic molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded into a specific three-dimensional structure
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| primary structure | the first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain
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| secondary structure | the second level of protein structure the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain
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| tertiary structure | the third level of protein structure the overall 3D shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain
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| nucleic acid | a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.
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| The biodiversity on earth is estimated to contain over species. | 8.7 million
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| Reproduction in most single-celled organisms is usually done by | Splitting in half
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| Select all of the following that are characteristics of life found in all living organisms. | Respond to stimuli, ability to adapt to environment conditions, can reproduce
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| Plants, which make their own food, require | Both materials and energy to live
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| The type of reproduction that is most often used by multicellular organisms is combining an | egg and sperm
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| A feature, including structure, function, and behavior, that makes an organism better suited to a specific environment is called a(n) | adaptation
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| Taxonomy - | the discipline of identifying and grouping organisms
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| Systematics - | the study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms
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| The characteristic of all organisms that describes a change in behavior when a stimulus is introduced is called | a response
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| Three domains of life are | bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
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| The division of the domain Eukarya into six supergroups reflects the different evolutionary paths of eukaryotes determined by | DNA analyses.
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| Systematics classifies organisms according to their | Evolutionary relationships.
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| An evolutionary adaptation suits an organism to its | Environment
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| In the scientific name for humans, ________ is the species name | sapiens
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| The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms is called | systematics
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| The largest classification category, of which Bacteria and Eukarya are examples, is | domain
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| Place the following steps of the scientific method in the correct order as they would occur from beginning to end | Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion
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| All eukaryotes are more closely related to one another than to any prokaryote. | True
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| Methods of _______ use all of the senses, including seeing, for which a scientist could use a tool such as a microscope, binoculars, or a telescope. | observation
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| Which of the following is generally tested by experimentation? | A hypothesis
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| Select all of the things that scientists can use to make observations. | Their senses, previous studies, tools, or instruments
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| Which of these is typically used to test a hypothesis? | Experimentations
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| The results of a scientific experiment are called | data
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| A theory is the same as a hypothesis. | False
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| In a study that tests how well two different antibiotics work to treat ulcers, everyone receives the experimental variable (the antibiotics). | False
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| The complete eradication (loss, death, destruction) of a species or larger classification category is called | extinction
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| In science, a concept that is supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and data (such as evolution) is called | a scientific principle, law, and theory
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| In the experiment to determine the efficacy of two different antibiotics in the treatment of ulcers, what is the experimental variable? | medication type: antibiotic A or antibiotic B
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| Identify the reason why scientists are looking for water on Europa. | Water is the fundamental molecule for all life.
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| The periodic table is arranged by increasing atomic number such that groups of elements have common physical and chemical characteristics. |
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| Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are | isotopes.
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| Select the substances that scientists hypothesize Europa's liquid water may contain if it consists of saltwater. | Organic material, life forms
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| An atom is composed of | elements
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| Groups - | vertical columns
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| periods - | horizontal rows
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| group 8 - | the Nobel gases
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| The outermost electron shell of an atom is called its | valence shell
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| A radioactive isotope, such as carbon-14, emits energy as which of the following? | Subatomic particles, rays
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| When two or more atoms bond together, including two atoms of the same element, | a molecule is formed
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| If an atom gains an electron, it will become a(n) | negatively charged ion
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| When two atoms share electrons in such a way that each atom has an octet of electrons in its outermost orbital, | a covalent bond has formed
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| The valance shell of an atom is important because it | determines many chemical properties of an atom.
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| An atom is considered an ion when it has an unequal number of which of the following? | Protons and electrons
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| The various properties of water, like surface tension and adhesion, are the result of water's ability to form which type of bonds? | Hydrogen
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| When a substance releases hydrogen ions in solution, it is considered a(n) | acid
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| Explain how radiation can be both beneficial and harmful to humans. | Radiation can be helpful because it can kill cancer, is used in X-rays, and can kill bacteria and fungi present on certain stuff. High levels of radiation can cause burns, harm cells, and change DNA structure.
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| Explain why oxygen-16 and oxygen-18 are called isotopes | . They have the same number of electrons and protons, but differ in their number of neutrons.
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| Identify whether CO2 and N2 are considered molecules, compounds, or both. | N2 is a molecule because 2 atoms of nitrogen share a covalent bond. CO2 is a compound because 2 different elements are bonded together. However, CO2 is also a molecule
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| Describe why a carbon atom is capable of forming 4 covalent bonds. | Carbon has six electrons, two in the 1st orbital, and 4 in the 2nd orbital. Its incomplete outer orbital can accept or share 4 electrons, forming 4 covalent bonds.
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| Explain how polar covalent bonds can produce hydrogen bonds. | In polar covalent bonds, the electrons are shared unequally. This causes a weak attraction between the oxygen of one
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| Compare the difference between water's high heat capacity and its high heat of vaporization. | The Heat capacity of water is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of H2O by 1 degree celsius, whereas the heat of vaporization is the amount of energy needed to convert 1 g of the hottest water to a gas.
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| Explain the importance of functional groups. | Functional groups provide the chemical reactivity and characteristics of the organic molecules.
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| Compare and contrast dehydration and hydrolysis reactions. | Hydrolysis reacts involve the addition of a molecule of water across a chemical bond, splitting the molecule in 2. Dehydration reactions remove a molecule of water joining 2 molecules.
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| List the common characteristics of all living organisms | . 1. Organization, 2. Ways to acquire materials and energy, 3. Reproduction and development, 4. Response to stimuli, 5. Homeostasis, 6. Capacity for adaptation to their environment.
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| Trace organization of life from the cell to the biosphere. | Levels of organization are cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, species, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere.
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| The chemistry that focuses on molecules such as salts and water that constitute non-living matter, but are still important to living things, is termed | inorganic chemistry.
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| How many monosaccharides are in disaccharide? | 2
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| The chemistry that is focused on living organisms is called | organic
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| Amino, phosphate, sulfhydryl, and carboxy are different types of functional groups that may be attached to_________ molecules, each imparting specific chemical properties. | organic
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| A carbohydrate with a backbone of 3 to 7 carbons, such as glucose or galactose, is a | monosaccharide
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| Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are ______________ that contain long chains of glucose molecules. | polysaccharides
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| In a disaccharide, the monosaccharide subunits are joined together by what type of reaction? | Dehydration
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| Which of the following are lipids? | Steroids, phospholipids, oils, and fats
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| A combination of bonded atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, which always reacts in the same way, is known as a(n) | functional group.
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| Monomer | small subunit of a larger molecule
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| Polymer | large molecule consisting of smaller subunits.
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| Cholesterol is a | steroid
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| The contractile molecules in muscle cells are | proteins
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| Select the functions of fats. | Energy storage, insulation against heat loss, protection of major organs.
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| Phospholipids compose which portion of a cell? | Plasma membrane
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| Select the functions of cholesterol. | precursor of bile salts, precursor of sex hormones, component of the plasma membrane
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| Proteins are composed of monomers called | amino acids
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| Proteins assist the animal body in which of the following ways? | Chemical reactions, fighting off infections, chemical signaling.
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| Primary | the linear sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
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| Secondary | polypeptide orientation in space, including an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet
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| Tertiary | the final three-dimensional shape of a protein, maintained by various types of bonding
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| Quaternary | organization of proteins with several polypeptide chains, often seen in enzymes
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| What nucleotide is the energy carrier molecule of a cell? | ATP
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| With regard to protein structure, primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids joined by | peptide bonds.
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| Describe the differences among a domain, supergroup, and kingdom. Domains are the largest, most inclusive classification category. | A supergroup is a category that is used to classify eukaryotes based on DNA similarities. Kingdoms are a historical classifications system that is being replaced by the use of supergroups.
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| List the levels of taxonomy classification from most inclusive to least inclusive. | Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. For eukaryotes, the supergroup level may be added between domain and kingdom.
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| Distinguish between the roles of the test group and the control group in an experiment. | The control group in an experiment is included to determine if the experiment is sensitive to the effect of the variable of interest. The test group experiences the variable and the group control does not.
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| Explain why the conversation of biodiversities is important to human society. | Biodiversity contributes to the health of ecosystems that we depend on for food, medicines, and raw materials. Ecosystems that are destroyed can no longer function well in water cycling, soil conservation, and chemical cycling.
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| Tay-Sachs occurs when lysosomes cannot clean up | cellular debris
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| The smallest structure capable of performing all the basic functions of life is the | cell
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| Which theory states that all organisms are made up of cells that are capable of self-reproduction and come only from preexisting living cells? | Cell theory
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| One meter is equal to how many millimeters (mm)? | 1,000
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| Select all examples of cells that are prokaryotic. | Archaeal cell and bacterial cell
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| Tay-Sachs occurs when lysosomes cannot clean up damaged cellular debris. This leads to a breakdown of which type of cells? | Neural
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| The basic unit of living organisms, which can carry out all of the necessary functions of life is the | cell
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| Bacillus - | rod-shaped cell
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| Coccus - | spherical-shaped cell
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| Spirilla - | rigid, twisted rods
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| Spirochete - | flexible, twisted rods
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| Which two statements are part of the cell theory? | All cells come from pre-existing cells. All organisms are made up of cells.
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| One millimeter (mm) is equal to how many micrometers (μm)? | 1,000
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| Identify the two domains listed below which contain cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus? | Archaea, bacteria
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| Which of these cells have a membrane-bound nucleus? | Eukaryotes only
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| Which of these materials are found in the cell walls of fungi? | Chitin
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| The small structures within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that perform specific functions are called | organelles
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| Which of these organelles contains the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell? | Nucleus
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| True or false: The main characteristic that distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell is a cell wall. | False
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| The nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum are components of the | endomembrane system
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| The material that is common to the cell walls of plants and algae is called | cellulose
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| Vesicles that function in the metabolism of fatty acids and contain an enzyme to break down the hydrogen peroxide byproduct of this metabolism are called | peroxisomes
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| True or false: Both plant and animal cells contain organelles. | True
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| The molecule produced by cellular respiration that is used to fuel energy-requiring cellular reactions is | ATP, adenosine triphosphate
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| Select all of the following that are components of the endomembrane system. Golgi apparatus Vesicles Endoplasmic reticulum | The nuclear envelope
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| What enzyme found within the peroxisome functions to degrade hydrogen peroxide? | Catalase
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| Based on evolutionary relationships, which is the more likely ancestor to eukaryotic cells? | Archaeans
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| What molecule is used to fuel all energy-dependent cellular processes? | ATP
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| The arrows point to filaments that make up the cytoskeleton |
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| During the evolutionary development of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells,________________ may have developed from the plasma membrane of the original prokaryote. | the nuclear envelope and membranous organelles
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| Explain why humans are made up of trillions of cell instead of just one. | If humans were just one cell, the surface-area-to-volume ratio would be too small to allow for efficient movement of nutrients and oxygen into the cell, and water, including carbon dioxide, out of the cell.
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| Explain why the cell is the basic unit of life. | The cell is the basic unit of life because all living organisms are made up of cells, and all cells come from preexisting cells.
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| Describe the metabolic challenges of a large cell compared to a cell smaller in size. | A large cell has a reduced surface-area-to-volume ration, and the amount of diffusion of nutrients, wastes, and gases across the cell membrane is reduced.
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| Explain the function of the plasma membrane. | To forma barrier between the inside and outside of the cell and regulate what crosses that border.
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| Ribosomes - | site of protein synthesis
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| Flagellum - | rotating filaments present in some bacteria that pushes the cell forward
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| Fimbriae - | hairlike bristles that allow adhesion to surfaces
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| Nucleoid - | location of the bacterial chromosome
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| Plasma membrane - | sheath around cytoplasm that regulates entrance and exit of molecules
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| Cell wall - | covering that supports, shapes, and protects cell
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| Capsule - | gel-like coating outside cell wall
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| Explain the general differences among bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic cells. | Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles while the others do not, bacteria have peptidoglycan in cell wall, and eukaryotic cells have larger ribosomes than prokaryotic.
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| Explain the function of the cell wall in eukaryotes. | Protecting the cell while remaining permeable.
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| Describe how the endomembrane system acts as a transport system. | The end-membrane system transports molecules throughout the cell because the organelles that compose it are connected directly or by transport vesicles.
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| Explain why plant cells need both chloroplast and mitochondria. | Plant cells need to make their food chloroplasts allow them to capture solar energy to produce organic molecules. Plant cells need mitochondria to break down the organic molecules to produce ATP which is used for energy in their metabolism.
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| Contrast the function of cilia, flagella, and centrioles. | Centrioles function in the process of cell division, whereas both cilia and flagella are involved in locomotion.
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| Explain how cilia and flagella are involved in movement. | The dyne side arms on the microtubule doublets slide past each other using the energy of ATP.
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| Identify the evolutionary steps required for an animal or plant cell to contain mitochondria and chloroplasts. | Mitochondria were originally aerobic heterotrophic bacteria taken up by a eukaryotic cell, and chloroplasts were cyanobacteria were destroyed, but instead they successfully lived inside the host cell, contributing their metabolic functions to the whole.
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| Kappa - | pain relief
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| Mu - | reward system
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| Delta - | emotional state
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| Which structure controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell? | Plasma membrane
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| Which type of protein would more likely be able to function as a channel through the plasma membrane? | Integral
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| The plasma membrane is described as being | selectively permeable
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| Which of the following is true about diffusion?Molecules exhibit net movement down the concentration gradient, moving from an area of | high concentration to low.
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| Which type of protein are opioid receptors categorized as? | transmembrane protein receptors
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| The plasma membrane serves to separate the internal environment of a cell from its external environment, allowing the cell to | maintain homeostasis.
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| Which of the following is a passive process, meaning it does not require cellular energy to move substances across the plasma membrane? | Diffusion, facilitated transport
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| Which type of protein would more likely function to stabilize and shape the plasma membrane? | Peripheral
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| A membrane that is permeable to only certain substances is said to be selective | permeable
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| Engulfment of a bacterium by a white blood cell occurs via | phagocytosis
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| Which type of protein would more likely be able to function as a channel through the plasma membrane? | Integral
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| What type of cellular junction is a desmosome? | Adhesion junction
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| What layer of the plant cell wall contains cellulose fibrils? | Primary cell wall
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| A(n) _____ junction is a cellular junction that has intracellular filaments mechanically connecting the cytoplasmic membrane of adjacent cells. | adhesion
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| What layer of the plant cell wall is abundant in pectins that function to hold neighboring cells together? | Middle lamella
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| What layer of the plant cell wall contains cellulose fibrils? | Primary cell wall
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| True or false: Facilitated transport requires that a cell use ATP energy to fuel the movement of a substance across the plasma membrane. | False
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