AP Environmental Science Key Vocabulary
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Abundant | Plentiful; more than enough
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| Age structure diagram | A visual representation of the number of individuals within specific age groups for a country (typically expressed for males and females)
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| Biotic potential | The maximum number of individuals a species can produce
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| Birth rate | Frequency of live births in a given population (conventionally calculated as the annual number of live births per 1,000 inhabitants)
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| Carrying capacity | The limit of how many individuals in a population the environment can sustain
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| Death rate | The rate at which deaths occur in a population, (It is measured either as the number of individuals dying per unit time or as the percentage of a population dying per unit time)
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| Demographic transition | A theory that countries tend to shift from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as they become wealthier and more industrialized.
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| Demographic transition model (DTM) | The transition from high to lower birth and death rates in a country or region as development occurs and that country moves from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system
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| Density-dependent factor | A factor that influences an individual’s probability of survival and reproduction in a manner that depends on the size of the population.
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| Density-independent factor | A factor that has the same effect on an individual’s probability of survival and the amount of reproduction at any population size.
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| Developed country | A country with relatively high levels of industrialization and income.
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| Developing country | A country with relatively low levels of industrialization and income.
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| Dieback | The gradual deterioration of health in trees that can sometimes lead to tree death. (Caused by a combination of factors, such as disease and pathogens, insect attack, and/or stressful climate conditions)
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| Entropy | Randomness in a system
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| Family planning | The practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control
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| Famine | The condition in which food insecurity is so extreme that large numbers of deaths occur in a given area over a relatively short period
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| Fecundity | A measure of the reproductive potential of a species through the number of vitellogenic oocytes (formation of yolk) present in the ovaries before the breeding season
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| Fertility | the quality of being fertile; productiveness.
OR A measure of how well soil supports plant growth
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| Generalist species | Species with a broad ecological niche. They are able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources
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| Industrialized economic system | Transformational change of the human society socially and economically from an agrarian society into an industrial one
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| Infant mortality rate | The number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births
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| Invasive species | A species that spreads rapidly across large areas and causes harm
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| K-selected species | possess relatively stable populations fluctuating near the carrying capacity of the environment
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| life expectancy | The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.
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| logistic growth | Growth pattern in which a population's growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growth
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| Malthusian Theory | focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder
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| mortality rate | the number of deaths per thousand
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| Overshoot | when a population becomes larger than the environment's carrying capacity
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| population density | Number of individuals per unit area
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| population distribution | a description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another
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| population growth | the increase in the number of individuals in a population
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| Population Pyramid | A model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population.
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| pre-industrial | 1st stage in Demographic Transition Model
• Birth rates are higher due to infant & maternal mortality, lack of family planning, religious beliefs
• Death rates are higher b/c disease, famine, drought, lack of health care & education
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| Replacement Level Fertility | the total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size
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| resource availability | Amount and type of resources the project requires and their availability
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| resource depletion | the act of using resources faster than they can be restored or replaced
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| r-selected species | a species with high biotic potential whose members produce a large number of offspring in a relatively short time but dont care for their young after birth
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| Rule of 70 | A method for determining the number of years it will take for some measure to double, given its annual percentage increase. Example: To determine the number of years it will take for the price level to double, divide 70 by the annual rate of inflation.
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| specialist species | Species with a narrow ecological niche. They may be able to live in only one type of habitat, tolerate only a narrow range of climatic and other environmental conditions, or use only one type or a few types of food.
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| survivorship curve | Graph showing the number of survivors in different age groups for a particular species.
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| TFR (total fertility rate) | The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
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| Type 1 survivorship curve | a pattern of survival over time in which there is high survival throughout most of the life span, but then individuals start to die in large numbers as they approach old age
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| type 2 survivorship curve | a pattern of survival over time in which there is a relatively constant decline in survivorship throughout most of the life span
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| type 3 survivorship curve | a pattern of survival over time in which there is low survivorship early in life with few individuals reaching adulthood
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