Kaplan Physics flashcards
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| What are the units of each of the following? 1. Length 2. Mass 3. Force 4. Time 5. Work & Energy 6. Power | show 🗑
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| Give the prefix and abbreviation for each of the following powers. 1. 10⁹ 2. 10⁶ 3. 10³ 4. 10ˉ² 5. 10ˉ³ 6. 10ˉ⁶ 7. 10ˉ⁹ 8. 10ˉ¹² | show 🗑
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| show | 1. 1.03 × 10² 2. 1.23456 × 105 3. 1.03 × 10⁴ 4. 1.03 × 10ˉ⁵ 5. 1.8 × 10⁹ 6. 3.6 × 10⁷ 7. 3.3 × 10³
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| trigonometric functions: 1. sin θ = 2. cos θ = 3. tan θ = | show 🗑
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| What are the sin and cos values for the following angles? 1. 0˚ 2. 90˚ 3. 30˚ 4. 60˚ 5. 45˚ 6. 180˚ | show 🗑
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| show | a scaler quantity has magnitude but no direction. A vector quantity has magnitude and direction.
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| Are the following scaler or vector quantities? distance; force; velocity; speed; mass; displacement; | show 🗑
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| show | true
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| A person walks 2 miles north and then turns around and walks 3 miles south. Total time elapsed = 1 hr. 2. Distance (d) = 3. displacement ∆x = 4. Average velocity (v) = 5. Average speed (s) = | show 🗑
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| show | 1. a = ∆v/∆t 2. v=v₀ + at 3. ∆x=v₀t + at²/2 4. v²=v₀² + 2a(∆x) 5. avg v= (v₀ + v/2)
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| Is weight a scalar or a vector? What is the formula for calculating weight? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. A body in motion with constant velocity in a straight line path or at rest will remain that way unless a net force acts upon it. 2. Force = (mass)(gravity) = ma 3. To every force there is always an equal and opposite force.
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| What are the formulas for the initial horizontal and vertical velocities of a projectile launched with a speed v at an angle of theta to the horizontal? | show 🗑
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| show | x=(initial horizontal velocity)(time in air)
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| What is the formula for gravitational force? | show 🗑
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| show | The force would decrease by a factor of 4 (2²)
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| True or False. A body in translational equilibrium has a net force moving it at a constant velocity. | show 🗑
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| show | the torque would decrease by half.
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| show | τ = rFsinθ (r = distance between force and axis of rotation)
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| show | counterclockwise is positive; clockwise is negative
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| show | True.
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| show | Translational motion is defined as motion in which the position of the object's center of mass changes as a function of time.
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| show | f≤μN
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| show | f=μN
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| show | a = v²/r
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| show | F=mv²/r
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| show | True.
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| What is the formula for work? W= | show 🗑
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| show | The unit for work is the Joule (⌡) (N•m)
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| What is the formula for Power? P= | show 🗑
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| show | The unit of power is the Watt (1 Joule/sec)
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| show | KE=mv²/2
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| What are the units of KE? | show 🗑
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| What is the formula for gravitational potential enrgy? U= | show 🗑
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| show | The units of gravitational potential energy are joules
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| (T/f) The total mechanical energy of a body is the sum of its kinetic and potential energies. | show 🗑
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| show | Yes, E=K+U=constant
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| show | If only conservative forces act on a body, then ∆E=0
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| What is the formula for momentum? p= | show 🗑
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| show | J= (Force)(time) = Ft = mv-mv₀ = ∆p
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| Is kinetic energy conserved in a completely elastic collision? | show 🗑
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| (T/F) Net external force must equal zero for conservation of momentum to occur. | show 🗑
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| What is the formula for the center of mass for two masses, m₁ and m₂, lying along the x-axis at points x₁ and x₂? X= | show 🗑
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| show | False, momentum is conserved in both elastic and inelastic collisions
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| What are the temperatures in Kelvin and Celsius for the following? 1. Absolute zero 2. Freezing point of water 3. Boiling point of water | show 🗑
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| What is the formula for converting Kelvin to Celsius? Tc= | show 🗑
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| show | ∆L = L₀α∆T (α = coefficient of linear expansion)
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| show | ∆V = V₀β∆T (β = coefficient of volume expansion)
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| What type of transfer involves the direct transfer of energy from molecule to molecule through molecular collisions? | show 🗑
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| What type of heat transfer involves the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves? | show 🗑
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| show | Convection
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| What are the units of heat? | show 🗑
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| show | A Calorie is a nutritional term and is equal to 1000 calories.
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| show | Q = (mass)(specific heat)(∆T) = mc∆T
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| What is heat of fusion? | show 🗑
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| show | Heat of vaporization is the amount of energy required for a phase change from liquid to gas.
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| What is the formula for heat gained or lost during a phase change ? Q = | show 🗑
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| show | The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal.
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| show | An isobaric process is a process done at constant pressure.
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| What is the formula for work (given an isobaric process)? W = | show 🗑
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| What is the formula for the First Law of Thermodynamics? ∆U = | show 🗑
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| show | False, heat flow out of a system is (-) and heat flow into a system is (+).
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| show | An adiabatic is one in which no heat flows from the system to its surroundings (or vice versa).
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| show | The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy of a closed system will either increase or remain unchanged.
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| show | A totally reversible process does not increase the entropy of the universe, but an irreversible process does.
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| show | True.
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| show | F = (Constant)(charge 1)(charge 2)/(distance)² F = kq₁q₂/r²
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| If the distance between two charged objects is tripled, by how much does the electrostatic force change? | show 🗑
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| If the distance between two charged objects is halved, by how much does the electrostatic force change? | show 🗑
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| show | E = kq/r²
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| In which direction will an electric field vector point around a positive charge? | show 🗑
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| In which direction will an electric field vector point around an a negative charge? | show 🗑
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| show | F = qE
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| What are the units of an electric field? | show 🗑
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| What are the units of voltage? | show 🗑
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| What is the formula for electric potential given a charge (q) at a distance of (r)? V = | show 🗑
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| show | The potential difference is zero.
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| What is the formula for electric potential energy? U = | show 🗑
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| show | The dipole will align with the electric field lines.
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| How much work is done on a charge if it is moved in a straight path between two equipotential lines? | show 🗑
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| show | The units of a magnetic field are the Tesla. Sometimes the units are given in Gauss. 1 Tesla = 10⁴ Gauss
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| show | F = (charge)(velocity)(magnetic field)(sin θ) = qvBsinθ
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| What force will a stationary charged particle in a magnetic field experience? | show 🗑
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| What force will a moving charge experience if it travels parallel or antiparallel to a magnetic field? | show 🗑
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| show | The units of current are Amperes. 1 A = 1 Coulomb/sec
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| show | i = ∆q/∆t
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| show | F = (current)(length)(magnetic field)(sinθ) = iLBsinθ
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| A proton moving in a magnetic field experiences a force towards the top of the page. An electron moving in the same direction as the proton experiences a force in which direction? | show 🗑
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| show | Towards the left.
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| A long straight wire carries a current directed towards the top of the page. What is the direction of the magnetic field on the left side of the wire? | show 🗑
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| show | B = (permeability of free space)(current)/(2π)(distance from wire) = μ₀i/2πr
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| show | B = μ₀i/2r (r = radius)
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| show | True.
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| (T/F) In AC current, the charge flows in one direction only. | show 🗑
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| show | False, the direction of current is the direction in which a positive charge would flow.
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| show | Volts = (current)(resistance) = iR
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| show | 1. As length increases, so does resistance. 2. As cross-sectional area increases, resistance decreases. 3. As temperature increases, resistance typically increases. 4. As resistivity increases so does resistance.
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| What is the formula for electrical potential? P = | show 🗑
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| What is the formula for calculating resistance given resistors in a series? Rs | show 🗑
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| show | 1/Rp = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃ + ... + 1/Rn
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| show | Kirchoff's 2nd Law states that the sum of the voltage drops around a circuit loop equals the sum of the voltage rises around the loop.
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| show | 7A - 3A = 4A
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| What is the formula for capacitance? C = | show 🗑
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| What are the units of capacitance? | show 🗑
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| show | E = potential difference between the plates/ distance between the plates = V/d
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| (T/F) As plate area increases capacitance increases proportionally. | show 🗑
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| show | A dielectric material increases the capacitance. The new capacitance (C') = CK, where K = dielectric constant.
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| What is the formula for calculating capacitance given capacitors in series? Cs = | show 🗑
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| show | Cp = C₁ + C₂ + C₃ + ... + Cn
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| show | Irms = Imax/√2
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| For AC current, what is the formula for calculating Vrms? | show 🗑
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| What is the formula for Hooke's Law? F = | show 🗑
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| What are the formulas for angular frequencies of a mass on a spring and of a pendulum (SHM)? ω = | show 🗑
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| What is the formula for kinetic energy (SHM)? K = | show 🗑
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| What is the formula for potential energy (SHM)? U = | show 🗑
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| (T/F) For an object in SHM, E = K+U = constant | show 🗑
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| show | Kinetic energy is greatest at the equilibrium point.
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| When is an object's potential energy greatest (SHM)? | show 🗑
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| (T/F) For an object in SHM, frequency = 1/period. | show 🗑
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| show | T = 2π√m/k (spring) = 2π√L/g (pendulum)
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| Describe particle oscillation in a transverse wave. | show 🗑
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| show | Particles oscillate along the direction of wave motion in a longitudinal wave.
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| What is the formula relating the speed of a wave to its frequency (f) and wavelength (λ)? v = | show 🗑
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| show | False, a sinusoidal wave crosses its equilibrium point every 180°.
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| (T/F) The fundamental harmonic has the longest wavelength and thus the smallest frequency of all the harmonics. | show 🗑
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| (T/F) The higher the harmonic, the greater the wavelength. | show 🗑
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| show | A node is a point in a standing wave that remains at rest.
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| What is an anti-node? | show 🗑
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| Two waves that are 180° out of phase exhibit which type of interference? | show 🗑
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| show | Constructive interference.
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| (T/F) When two waves are out of phase by 180° and interfere with each other, the resulting displacement is always zero. | show 🗑
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| What is the formula for sound intensity? I = | show 🗑
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| What is the beat frequency for two frequencies which differ by 4 Hz? | show 🗑
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| (T/F) The observed frequency from a source emitting a sound is higher if the source is moving toward a stationary observer. | show 🗑
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| (T/F) Standing waves in pipes open at both ends have nodes at the ends. | show 🗑
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| show | True.
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| (T/F) Higher harmonics of standing waves in open pipes have higher wave speed than lower harmonics. | show 🗑
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| What is the equation for density? ρ = | show 🗑
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| What is the density of H₂0? | show 🗑
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| show | Specific gravity is the ratio of a substance's density to the density of water.
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| show | P = Force/Area = F/A
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| What is the formula for absolute pressure in a liquid? | show 🗑
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| What is gauge pressure? | show 🗑
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| (T/F) Pascal's principle states that a change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every portion of the fluid and to the walls of the container. | show 🗑
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| What is the formula for buoyant force? Fb = | show 🗑
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| show | A₁V₁ = A₂V₂ (volume flow rate is constant)
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| show | True.
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| show | Viscosity is the measure of the internal friction of a fluid.
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| Does the viscosity of a liquid generally increase or decrease as temperature rises? | show 🗑
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| show | The speed of light in a vacuum is (3 × 10⁸) m/s.
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| What type of image do plane mirrors create (real or virtual)? | show 🗑
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| show | Focal length = radius of curvature/2 = r/2
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| show | 1/o + 1/i = 1/f =2/r
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| Does virtual image have a positive (+) or negative (-) image distance? | show 🗑
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| If an image is in front of a mirror, is it real or virtual? | show 🗑
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| Does a real image have a positive (+) or negative (-) image distance? | show 🗑
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| What is the formula for magnification? m = | show 🗑
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| show | False, a (-) magnification signifies an inverted image and a (+) magnification signifies an upright image.
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| What type of image does a diverging (convex) mirror create? | show 🗑
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| What type of image does a converging (concave) mirror create when the object is placed beyond the focal point? | show 🗑
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| What type of image does a converging (concave) mirror create when the object is placed inside the focal point? | show 🗑
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| show | A convex mirror has a negative (-) focal length and radius of curvature.
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| show | A concave mirror has a positive (+) focal length and radius of curvature.
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| What is the formula for index of refraction? n = | show 🗑
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| What is the formula for Snell's Law? | show 🗑
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| Under what conditions will light undergo total internal reflection? | show 🗑
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| show | A converging lens has a positive (+) focal length.
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| Does a diverging lens have positive (+) or a negative (-) focal length? | show 🗑
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| (T/F) The "real" side of a lens is the side opposite that from which light originates. | show 🗑
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| show | A diverging lens produces a virtual upright image.
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| What type of image does a converging (convex) lens create when the object is placed beyond the focal point? | show 🗑
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| show | An object inside the focal point produces a virtual upright image in a converging lens.
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| show | Diopters are the units of lens power (when f is measured in meters).
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| show | P = 1/f
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| show | True.
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| What is diffraction? | show 🗑
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| (T/F) Light waves can constructively and/or destructively interfere with each other. | show 🗑
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| show | Polarized light is light in which the electric fields of all the waves oriented in the same direction.
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| Is the energy of a proton dependent on frequency or on amplitude? | show 🗑
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| show | E = (Plank's constant)(frequency) = hf
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| show | The photoelectric effect is the phenomenon whereby electrons are emitted by a metal that is exposed to light of sufficiently high frequency.
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| show | False, Photon energy decreases as wavelength increases, as seen in the formula E = hc/λ.
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| What is the threshold frequency (photoelectric effect)? | show 🗑
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| show | True.
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| What is the formula for calculating the kinetic energy of an emitted electron? K = | show 🗑
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| show | None.
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| show | True.
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| What happens to an electron that absorbs a photon? | show 🗑
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| show | An electron that jumps from a higher energy level to a lower energy level will emit a photon whose energy equals the difference in energy between the two levels.
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| show | 10eV. (Ionization means producing a free electron and free electrons have energy greater than or equal to zero.)
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| What is a nucleon? | show 🗑
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| show | Atomic number represents the number of protons in the atom's nucleus.
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| What does an atom's mass number mean? | show 🗑
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| What is an isotope? | show 🗑
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| What does an atom's atomic weight represent? | show 🗑
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| What is mass defect? | show 🗑
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| show | Energy = (mass defect)(speed of light)² = ∆mc²
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| What is the name of the process for combining smaller nuclei into larger nuclei? | show 🗑
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| What is nuclear fission? | show 🗑
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| show | 25% will be left after two half-lives.
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| What is the formula for exponential decay? | show 🗑
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