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What are the units of each of the following? 1. Length 2. Mass 3. Force 4. Time 5. Work & Energy 6. Power
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Give the prefix and abbreviation for each of the following powers. 1. 10⁹ 2. 10⁶ 3. 10³ 4. 10ˉ² 5. 10ˉ³ 6. 10ˉ⁶ 7. 10ˉ⁹ 8. 10ˉ¹²
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MCAT Physics Kaplan

Kaplan Physics flashcards

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What are the units of each of the following? 1. Length 2. Mass 3. Force 4. Time 5. Work & Energy 6. Power 1. Meter (m) 2. Kilogram (kg) 3. Newton (N) 4. Second (s) 5. Joule (J) 6. Watt (W)
Give the prefix and abbreviation for each of the following powers. 1. 10⁹ 2. 10⁶ 3. 10³ 4. 10ˉ² 5. 10ˉ³ 6. 10ˉ⁶ 7. 10ˉ⁹ 8. 10ˉ¹² 1. Giga (G or B) 2. Mega (M) 3. Kilo (k) 4. Centi (c) 5. Milli (m) 6. Micro (u) 7. Nano (n) 8. Pico (p)
Put the following in Standard scientific notation. 1. 103 2. 123456 3. 103 × 10² 4. 0.103 × 10ˉ¹² 5. (2 × 10⁶)(9 × 10²) 6. (6 × 10³)² 7. (3 × 10²) + (3 × 10³) 1. 1.03 × 10² 2. 1.23456 × 105 3. 1.03 × 10⁴ 4. 1.03 × 10ˉ⁵ 5. 1.8 × 10⁹ 6. 3.6 × 10⁷ 7. 3.3 × 10³
trigonometric functions: 1. sin θ = 2. cos θ = 3. tan θ = 1. sin θ = opposite/hypotenuse 2. cos θ = adjacent/hypotenuse 3. tan θ = opposite/adjacent
What are the sin and cos values for the following angles? 1. 0˚ 2. 90˚ 3. 30˚ 4. 60˚ 5. 45˚ 6. 180˚ sin; cos 1. 0; 1 2. 1; 0 3. .5; .866 4. .866; .5 5. .7; .7 6. 0; .1
What is the difference between a scaler quantity and a vector quantity? a scaler quantity has magnitude but no direction. A vector quantity has magnitude and direction.
Are the following scaler or vector quantities? distance; force; velocity; speed; mass; displacement; Distance, speed and mass are scalar quantities. Displacement, velocity, and force are vector quantities
True or False. The sum of two vectors is the resultant of the vectors. true
A person walks 2 miles north and then turns around and walks 3 miles south. Total time elapsed = 1 hr. 2. Distance (d) = 3. displacement ∆x = 4. Average velocity (v) = 5. Average speed (s) = 1. Distance = 2 + 3 = 5 2. Displacement = 2miles (N) + (-3) miles (S) = 1 mile (S) 3. Average velocity = 1 mile / 1hr = 1 mile/hour (S) 4. Average speed = 5 miles / 1 hour= 5 miles/hour
1. Average acceleration (ā) = For a body under constant acceleration: 2. v= 3. ∆x= 4. v²= 5. avg v= 1. a = ∆v/∆t 2. v=v₀ + at 3. ∆x=v₀t + at²/2 4. v²=v₀² + 2a(∆x) 5. avg v= (v₀ + v/2)
Is weight a scalar or a vector? What is the formula for calculating weight? weight is a vector quantity. weight = (mass)(gravity
What are Newton's Three Laws of Motion? 1. A body in motion with constant velocity in a straight line path or at rest will remain that way unless a net force acts upon it. 2. Force = (mass)(gravity) = ma 3. To every force there is always an equal and opposite force.
What are the formulas for the initial horizontal and vertical velocities of a projectile launched with a speed v at an angle of theta to the horizontal? the horizontal velocity is vcosθ, and the vertical velocity is vsinθ
What does the total horizontal distance, x, traveled by a projectile equal? x=(initial horizontal velocity)(time in air)
What is the formula for gravitational force? F = Gm₁m/r²
If the distance between two objects is doubled, by how much is the force of gravity increased or decreased? The force would decrease by a factor of 4 (2²)
True or False. A body in translational equilibrium has a net force moving it at a constant velocity. False, a body in translational equilibrium has not net force acting on it.
If a lever arm is halved, by how much does the torque increase or decrease? the torque would decrease by half.
What is the formula for calculating torque? τ = τ = rFsinθ (r = distance between force and axis of rotation)
When calculating torque, which rotation direction is considered positive and which is considered negative? counterclockwise is positive; clockwise is negative
True or False. For rotational equilibrium to occur, the sum of all torques acting on a body must be zero. True.
What is translational motion? Translational motion is defined as motion in which the position of the object's center of mass changes as a function of time.
What is the formula for the force of static friction? f≤μN
What is the formula for force of kinetic friction? f=μN
What is the formula for centripetal acceleration (for a body in uniform motion)? a= a = v²/r
What is the formula for centripetal force (for a body in uniform circular motion)? F= F=mv²/r
(T/F) For a planet orbiting a star the centripetal force is equal to the gravitational force. True.
What is the formula for work? W= W=Fd
What is the unit of work? The unit for work is the Joule (⌡) (N•m)
What is the formula for Power? P= P= W/t
What is the unit of power? The unit of power is the Watt (1 Joule/sec)
What is the formula for kinetic energy? KE= KE=mv²/2
What are the units of KE? the units of KE are joules.
What is the formula for gravitational potential enrgy? U= U=mgh
What are the units of gravitational potential energy? The units of gravitational potential energy are joules
(T/f) The total mechanical energy of a body is the sum of its kinetic and potential energies. True
Is total mechanical energy constant if the only forces that act on a body are conservative (E=K+U=constant)? Yes, E=K+U=constant
What is the change in energy of a system if only conservative forces act upon it? If only conservative forces act on a body, then ∆E=0
What is the formula for momentum? p= p=mv
What is the formula for impulse? J= J= (Force)(time) = Ft = mv-mv₀ = ∆p
Is kinetic energy conserved in a completely elastic collision? Yes, kinetic energy is conserved in a completely elastic collision.
(T/F) Net external force must equal zero for conservation of momentum to occur. True.
What is the formula for the center of mass for two masses, m₁ and m₂, lying along the x-axis at points x₁ and x₂? X= X = (m₁x₁ + m₂x₂)/(m₁ + m₂)
(T/F) Momentum is not conserved in an inelastic collision. False, momentum is conserved in both elastic and inelastic collisions
What are the temperatures in Kelvin and Celsius for the following? 1. Absolute zero 2. Freezing point of water 3. Boiling point of water K; °C 1. 0; -273 2. 273; 0 3. 373; 100
What is the formula for converting Kelvin to Celsius? Tc= Tc = Tk-273
What is the formula for thermal expansion of a solid? ∆L = ∆L = L₀α∆T (α = coefficient of linear expansion)
What is the formula for volume thermal expansion of a liquid or solid? ∆V = ∆V = V₀β∆T (β = coefficient of volume expansion)
What type of transfer involves the direct transfer of energy from molecule to molecule through molecular collisions? Conduction
What type of heat transfer involves the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves? Radiation
What type of heat transfer involves the physical motion of heated material? Convection
What are the units of heat? The units of heat are calorie, Btu, and Joule.
What is the difference between calorie and Calorie? A Calorie is a nutritional term and is equal to 1000 calories.
What is the formula relating heat gained and temperature changed? Q = Q = (mass)(specific heat)(∆T) = mc∆T
What is heat of fusion? Heat of fusion is the amount of energy required for a phase change from solid to liquid
What is heat of vaporization? Heat of vaporization is the amount of energy required for a phase change from liquid to gas.
What is the formula for heat gained or lost during a phase change ? Q = Q = (mass)(Heat of transformation) = mL
What is the SI unit for Pressure? The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal.
What is an isobaric process? An isobaric process is a process done at constant pressure.
What is the formula for work (given an isobaric process)? W = W = (Pressure)(∆Volume) = P∆V
What is the formula for the First Law of Thermodynamics? ∆U = ∆U = (heat energy gained) - (work done by a system)
(T/F) Heat flow out of a system is (+) and heat flow into a system is (-). False, heat flow out of a system is (-) and heat flow into a system is (+).
What is an adiabatic process? An adiabatic is one in which no heat flows from the system to its surroundings (or vice versa).
What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics? The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy of a closed system will either increase or remain unchanged.
Does a totally reversible process increase the entropy of the universe? What about an irreversible process? A totally reversible process does not increase the entropy of the universe, but an irreversible process does.
(T/F) Unlike charges attract and like charges repel. True.
What is the formula for Coulomb's Law? F = F = (Constant)(charge 1)(charge 2)/(distance)² F = kq₁q₂/r²
If the distance between two charged objects is tripled, by how much does the electrostatic force change? The electrostatic force would decrease by a factor of 9.
If the distance between two charged objects is halved, by how much does the electrostatic force change? The electrostatic force would increase by a factor of 4.
What is the formula for an electric field at a distance (r) from a charge (q)? E = E = kq/r²
In which direction will an electric field vector point around a positive charge? The field vectors point away from a positive charge.
In which direction will an electric field vector point around an a negative charge? The field vectors point toward a negative charge.
What is the formula for the force that a charge (q) experiences in an electric field (E)? F = F = qE
What are the units of an electric field? The units of an electric field are (Newtons / Coulomb) or (Volts/meter).
What are the units of voltage? The units of voltage are Volts or (Joules / Coulomb)
What is the formula for electric potential given a charge (q) at a distance of (r)? V = V = kq/r
What is the potential difference between two points on an equipotential line? The potential difference is zero.
What is the formula for electric potential energy? U = U = qV
What happens to a dipole if it is placed in a uniform electric field? The dipole will align with the electric field lines.
How much work is done on a charge if it is moved in a straight path between two equipotential lines? No net work is done.
What are the units of a magnetic field? The units of a magnetic field are the Tesla. Sometimes the units are given in Gauss. 1 Tesla = 10⁴ Gauss
What is the formula for force on a moving charged particle in a magnetic field? F = F = (charge)(velocity)(magnetic field)(sin θ) = qvBsinθ
What force will a stationary charged particle in a magnetic field experience? A stationary particle will experience no force in a magnetic field.
What force will a moving charge experience if it travels parallel or antiparallel to a magnetic field? No force will be experienced if the charge moves parallel or antiparallel to a magnetic field.
What are the units of current? The units of current are Amperes. 1 A = 1 Coulomb/sec
What is the formula for current? i = i = ∆q/∆t
What is the formula for the force on a current carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field? F = F = (current)(length)(magnetic field)(sinθ) = iLBsinθ
A proton moving in a magnetic field experiences a force towards the top of the page. An electron moving in the same direction as the proton experiences a force in which direction? Towards the bottom of the page.
A proton moves towards the top of the page in a region where a magnetic field is directed into the page. What is the direction of the magnetic force? Towards the left.
A long straight wire carries a current directed towards the top of the page. What is the direction of the magnetic field on the left side of the wire? The field points out of the page.
What is the formula for the magnetic field created by a long straight wire? B = B = (permeability of free space)(current)/(2π)(distance from wire) = μ₀i/2πr
A magnetic field is created by a loop of wire. What is the formula for the magnetic field at the center of the loop? B = B = μ₀i/2r (r = radius)
(T/F) In DC current, the charge flows in one direction only. True.
(T/F) In AC current, the charge flows in one direction only. False, in AC current, the flow of charge changes direction periodically.
(T/F) By convention, the direction of current is the direction in which negative charge would flow. False, the direction of current is the direction in which a positive charge would flow.
What is the formula for Ohm's Law? V = Volts = (current)(resistance) = iR
How do the following affect the resistance of a conductor? 1. Increased length. 2. Increased cross-sectional area. 3. Increased temperature. 4. Increased resistivity (ρ). 1. As length increases, so does resistance. 2. As cross-sectional area increases, resistance decreases. 3. As temperature increases, resistance typically increases. 4. As resistivity increases so does resistance.
What is the formula for electrical potential? P = P = (current)(voltage) = iV = i²R = V²/R
What is the formula for calculating resistance given resistors in a series? Rs Rs = R₁ + R₂ + R₃ + ... + Rn
What is the formula for calculating resistance given resistors in parallel? Rp = 1/Rp = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃ + ... + 1/Rn
What is Kirchoff's 2nd Law? Kirchoff's 2nd Law states that the sum of the voltage drops around a circuit loop equals the sum of the voltage rises around the loop.
If 7A of current flow into a three way junction and 3A leave via one of the routes, how much current leaves via the other? 7A - 3A = 4A
What is the formula for capacitance? C = C = charge stored on a plate/potential difference between the plates = Q/V
What are the units of capacitance? The units of capacitance are Farads. 1 Farad = 1 Coulomb / Volt
What is the formula for the electric field between the plates of a capacitor? E = E = potential difference between the plates/ distance between the plates = V/d
(T/F) As plate area increases capacitance increases proportionally. True.
Does the introduction of a dielectric material between plates of a capacitor increase or decrease the capacitance? A dielectric material increases the capacitance. The new capacitance (C') = CK, where K = dielectric constant.
What is the formula for calculating capacitance given capacitors in series? Cs = 1/Cs = 1/C₁ + 1/C₂ + 1/C₃ + ... + 1/Cn
What is the formula for calculating capacitance given capacitors in parallel? Cp = Cp = C₁ + C₂ + C₃ + ... + Cn
For AC current, what is the formula for calculating Irms? Irms = Imax/√2
For AC current, what is the formula for calculating Vrms? Vrms = Vmax/√2
What is the formula for Hooke's Law? F = F = -(spring constant)(displacement from equilibrium) F = -kx
What are the formulas for angular frequencies of a mass on a spring and of a pendulum (SHM)? ω = ω = √k/m (spring); √g/L (pendulum)
What is the formula for kinetic energy (SHM)? K = K = 1/2 (mass)(velocity)² = mv²/2
What is the formula for potential energy (SHM)? U = U = 1/2 (spring constant)(displacement)² = kx²/2 U = (mass)(gravity)(height) = mgh (pendulum)
(T/F) For an object in SHM, E = K+U = constant True.
When is an object's kinetic energy greatest (SHM)? Kinetic energy is greatest at the equilibrium point.
When is an object's potential energy greatest (SHM)? Potential energy is greatest at maximum displacement from equilibrium.
(T/F) For an object in SHM, frequency = 1/period. True.
What are the formulas for the period of a mass on a spring and of a pendulum in SHM? T = T = 2π√m/k (spring) = 2π√L/g (pendulum)
Describe particle oscillation in a transverse wave. Particles oscillate perpendicular to wave motion in a transverse wave.
Describe particle oscillation in a longitudinal wave. Particles oscillate along the direction of wave motion in a longitudinal wave.
What is the formula relating the speed of a wave to its frequency (f) and wavelength (λ)? v = v = fλ
(T/F) A sinusoidal wave crosses its equilibrium point every 90°. False, a sinusoidal wave crosses its equilibrium point every 180°.
(T/F) The fundamental harmonic has the longest wavelength and thus the smallest frequency of all the harmonics. True.
(T/F) The higher the harmonic, the greater the wavelength. False, the higher the harmonic, the shorter the wavelength.
What is a node? A node is a point in a standing wave that remains at rest.
What is an anti-node? An anti-node is a point in a standing wave that fluctuates at maximum amplitude.
Two waves that are 180° out of phase exhibit which type of interference? Destructive interference.
Two waves that are 720° out of phase exhibit which type of interference? Constructive interference.
(T/F) When two waves are out of phase by 180° and interfere with each other, the resulting displacement is always zero. False, the resultant displacement is only zero when two waves have equal amplitudes.
What is the formula for sound intensity? I = I = power/ area (P/A)
What is the beat frequency for two frequencies which differ by 4 Hz? 4 HZ. This is a trick question-the beat frequency is equal to the difference of the two frequencies.
(T/F) The observed frequency from a source emitting a sound is higher if the source is moving toward a stationary observer. True.
(T/F) Standing waves in pipes open at both ends have nodes at the ends. False, standing waves in pipes open at both ends have antinodes at the ends.
(T/F) Standing waves in strings fixed at both ends have nodes at the ends of the strings. True.
(T/F) Higher harmonics of standing waves in open pipes have higher wave speed than lower harmonics. False, the wave speed of all harmonics is the same.
What is the equation for density? ρ = ρ = m/v
What is the density of H₂0? ρ(water) = 1000 kg/m³ = 1g/cm³
What is specific gravity? Specific gravity is the ratio of a substance's density to the density of water.
What is the formula for calculating pressure? P = P = Force/Area = F/A
What is the formula for absolute pressure in a liquid? P = (surface pressure) = (ρ)(gravity)(depth) = P₀ + ρgh
What is gauge pressure? Gauge pressure is the pressure in excess of atmospheric pressure.
(T/F) Pascal's principle states that a change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every portion of the fluid and to the walls of the container. True.
What is the formula for buoyant force? Fb = Fb = ρgV, where ρ is the density of the fluid and V is the volume of the object immersed in the fluid.
Given a pipe of varying cross-sections, how do fluid velocity and cross-sectional area relate throughout the pipe? A₁V₁ = A₂V₂ (volume flow rate is constant)
(T/F) According to Bernoulli's Equation, as fluid velocity increases, absolute pressure decreases. True.
What is viscosity? Viscosity is the measure of the internal friction of a fluid.
Does the viscosity of a liquid generally increase or decrease as temperature rises? An increase in temperature generally causes the viscosity of a liquid to decrease.
What is the speed of electromagnetic wave (light) in a vacuum? The speed of light in a vacuum is (3 × 10⁸) m/s.
What type of image do plane mirrors create (real or virtual)? Plane mirrors always create virtual images.
How are focal length and radius of curvature related? Focal length = radius of curvature/2 = r/2
What is the formula relating object distance (o), image distance (i), and focal length (f)? 1/o + 1/i = 1/f =2/r
Does virtual image have a positive (+) or negative (-) image distance? A virtual image has a negative distance.
If an image is in front of a mirror, is it real or virtual? An image is in that is in front of a mirror is real.
Does a real image have a positive (+) or negative (-) image distance? A real image has a positive image distance.
What is the formula for magnification? m = m = - image distance/object distance = - i/o
(T/F) A negative (-) magnification signifies an upright image. False, a (-) magnification signifies an inverted image and a (+) magnification signifies an upright image.
What type of image does a diverging (convex) mirror create? A diverging mirror always creates a virtual upright image.
What type of image does a converging (concave) mirror create when the object is placed beyond the focal point? An object beyond the focal point produces a real inverted image in a converging mirror.
What type of image does a converging (concave) mirror create when the object is placed inside the focal point? An object inside the focal point produces a virtual upright image in a converging mirror.
Does a convex mirror have a positive or negative focal length (or radius of curvature)? A convex mirror has a negative (-) focal length and radius of curvature.
Does a concave mirror have a positive or negative focal length (or radius of curvature)? A concave mirror has a positive (+) focal length and radius of curvature.
What is the formula for index of refraction? n = n = speed of light in a vacuum/speed of light in a medium = c/v
What is the formula for Snell's Law? n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂
Under what conditions will light undergo total internal reflection? Total internal reflection will occur when light travels from a medium with higher index of refraction to a medium with a lower index of refraction and with an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle.
Does a converging lens have a positive (+) or negative(-) focal length? A converging lens has a positive (+) focal length.
Does a diverging lens have positive (+) or a negative (-) focal length? A diverging lens has a negative (-) focal length.
(T/F) The "real" side of a lens is the side opposite that from which light originates. True.
What type of image does a diverging lens produce? A diverging lens produces a virtual upright image.
What type of image does a converging (convex) lens create when the object is placed beyond the focal point? An object beyond the focal point produces a real inverted image in a converging lens.
What type of image does a converging (convex) lens create when the object is placed inside the focal point? An object inside the focal point produces a virtual upright image in a converging lens.
What are the units of power for a lens? Diopters are the units of lens power (when f is measured in meters).
What is the formula for calculating lens power? P = P = 1/f
(T/F) The splitting of white light in a prism is an example of dispersion. True.
What is diffraction? Diffraction is the spreading out of light as it passes through a narrow opening.
(T/F) Light waves can constructively and/or destructively interfere with each other. True.
What is polarized light? Polarized light is light in which the electric fields of all the waves oriented in the same direction.
Is the energy of a proton dependent on frequency or on amplitude? The energy of a photon is dependent on frequency.
What is the formula for calculating the energy of a photon? E = E = (Plank's constant)(frequency) = hf
What is the photoelectric effect? The photoelectric effect is the phenomenon whereby electrons are emitted by a metal that is exposed to light of sufficiently high frequency.
(T/F) Photon energy increases when wavelength increases. False, Photon energy decreases as wavelength increases, as seen in the formula E = hc/λ.
What is the threshold frequency (photoelectric effect)? The threshold frequency is the minimum frequency of light that will cause the emission of an electron.
(T/F) The excess energy of a photon is converted to extra kinetic energy of the emitted electron. True.
What is the formula for calculating the kinetic energy of an emitted electron? K = K = hf - W;
How many electrons will be emitted when using light with frequency below the threshold frequency? None.
(T/F) The electron Volt (eV) is a unit of energy. True.
What happens to an electron that absorbs a photon? An electron that absorbs a photon will jump to a higher energy level.
What happens when an electron jumps from a higher energy level to a lower energy level (orbit)? An electron that jumps from a higher energy level to a lower energy level will emit a photon whose energy equals the difference in energy between the two levels.
What is the minimum energy level needed to ionize an electron in a state with energy -10 eV? 10eV. (Ionization means producing a free electron and free electrons have energy greater than or equal to zero.)
What is a nucleon? A nucleon is a proton or a neutron.
What does an atom's atomic number represent? Atomic number represents the number of protons in the atom's nucleus.
What does an atom's mass number mean? Mass number represents the number of (protons + neutrons) in the atom's nucleus.
What is an isotope? An isotope is a variant of an atom with the same number of protons but with different number of neutrons.
What does an atom's atomic weight represent? Atomic weight represents the weighted average of the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element.
What is mass defect? Mass defect is the difference between the mass of a nucleus and the sum of its constituents (nucleons).
What formula is used for calculating binding energy? Energy = (mass defect)(speed of light)² = ∆mc²
What is the name of the process for combining smaller nuclei into larger nuclei? Fusion is the combining of smaller nuclei to create larger nuclei.
What is nuclear fission? Fission is the splitting of atomic nuclei.
If the half-life of an isotope is 2 years, how much of the original isotope will be left after 4 years? 25% will be left after two half-lives.
What is the formula for exponential decay? The formula for exponential decay is n = n₀e^-λt
Created by: jarrettw
 

 



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