anatomy part 4
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| connective tissues are the most abundant tissue type by | weight
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| cells are farther apart than _______ cells by connective tissues | epithelial
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| connective tissues contain abundant extracellular matrix between cells, consisting of | protein fibers and a ground substance
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| consistency of connective tissue varies from | fluid to solid
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| categories of connective tissue: | connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissues
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| most connective tissues have _____________, so are well-nourished | good blood supply
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| most cells in connective tissue have the ability to | divide
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| connective tissues contain ________, which remain in one place, and ________, such as macrophages, which move throughout tissues | fixed cells; wandering cells
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| connective tissues bind structures together and provide | support and protection
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| most common fixed cell, large star-shaped cell, secrete fibers into extracellular matrix | fibroblasts
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| usually attached to fibers, but can detach and wonder, conduct phagocytosis, and defend against infections | macrophages
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| which of the common cell types of connective tissue ingests foreign particles | macrophages
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| large cells, widely distributed, release heparin to prevent blood clotting, and release histamine, which causes inflammatory response | mast cells
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| fibroblasts produce ______ in connective tissue | 3 types of fibers
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| thick threads of collagen, the body's main structural protein, great tensile strength and flexible----slightly elastic, found in ligaments and tendons | collagen fibers
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| composed of elastin protein; branching, can stretch and return to original shape, not as strong as collagen fibers, found in vocal cords, respiratory air passages | elastic (yellow) fibers
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| thin, branching fibers of collagen, form delicate supporting networks, and found in the spleen and liver | reticular fibers
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| connective tissue proper has two major categories: | loose and dense connective tissues
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| fewer collagen fibers than dense tissues types: areolar, adipose, reticular | loose connective tissues
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| contain abundant collagen fibers dense regular, dense irregular, elastic | dense connective tissue
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| specialized connective tissues include: | cartilage, bone, and blood
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| forms thin, delicate membranes, cells are mainly fibroblasts, in a gel-like ground substance, collagenous and elastic fibers, in subcutaneous layer, beneath most epithelia, where it nourishes nearby epithelial cells | areolar
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| adipocytes store fat; push their nuclei to one side; crowd out other cell types; cushions and insulates; beneath skin (subcutaneous layer), behind eyeballs, around heart and kidneys, in spaces between muscles | adipose tissue (fat)
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| composed of network of thin reticular fibers; supports wall of internal organs; walls of liver, spleen | reticular connective tissue
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| closely packed connective tissues; fine network of elastic fibers; most cells are fibroblasts; very strong, withstands pulling; binds body parts together; tendons, ligaments, dermis; poor blood supply, slow to heal | dense regular connective tissue
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| randomly organized, thick, interwoven collagenous fibers; can withstand tension exerted from different directions; dermis of skin; around skeletal muscles | dense irregular connective tissue
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| abundant yellow elastic fibers, and some collagenous fibers; fibroblasts; attachment between bones of spinal column; walls of hollow organs, such as large arteries, airways; parts of heart; elastic quality, stretches | elastic connective tissue
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| which of the following types of connective tissue consists of abundant collagen fibers oriented in one direction? | dense regular connective tissue
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| a rigid, specialized connective tissue and provides support, framework, attachments | cartilage
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| protection of underlying tissue, models for developing bone, matrix contains collagen in gel-like ground substance | cartilage
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| (cartilage cells) in lacunae (chambers), surrounded by matrix that is in cartilage | chondrocytes
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| lacks blood supply; heals slowly and is covered by _______ (connective tissue), which provides some nutrients to the cartilage | perichondrium
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| 3 types of cartilage: | hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
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| cartilage takes ______ to heal than bones because bones have a good blood supply | longer
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| most common type of cartilage; fine collage fibers in matrix; ends of bones in joints, nose, respiratory passages, embryonic skeleton | hyaline
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| flexible, due to elastic fibers in matrix; external ear, larynx | elastic
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| very tough, due to many collagen fibers; shock absorber; intervertebral discs, pads (menisci) of knee, and pelvic girdle | fibrocartilage
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| which type of cartilage can be found between the vertebrae? | fibrocartilage
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| most rigid connective tissue; solid matrix, composed of mineral (Ca) salts and collagen, supports structures and protects vital structures | bones (osseous tissue)
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| produces blood cells, stores and releases Ca, P; attachment sites for muscles; forms skeleton | bones
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| bones contain _____ (bone cells) in lacunae | osteocytes
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| two types of bones: | compact and spongy
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| osteoblasts deposit in matrix in lamellae (layers); lamellae occur in rings around central canals | compact bone
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| in a compact bone, osteocytes + matrix + central canal form cylindrical units called | osteons
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| osteocytes send out processes into ________, and share blood supply in a compact bone | canaliculi
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| are cemented together to form compact bone | osteons
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| central canals contain blood vessels; bone is well-nourished, heals more quickly than cartilage | osteons
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| makes up interior part of the bone; consists of bony plates containing osteocytes, with space between them for marrow | spongy bone
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| spongy bone is _____ in weight than compact bone | lighter
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| blood is formed elements (cells and fragments) suspended in fluid matrix called _____ | plasma
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| transport gases | red blood cells
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| defend against infection | white blood cells
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| help in blood clotting | platelets
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| transports substances throughout the body | blood
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| are sheets of cells | membranes
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| are composed of epithelial and connective tissue, cover body surfaces and lines cavities | epithelial membranes
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| line body cavities that do not open to outside of the body; inner linings of thorax and abdomen and covers organs; simple squamous epithelium + areolar connective tissue | serous membranes
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| serous membranes secrete serous fluid for _______, reducing friction | lubrication
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| line cavities and tubes that open to the outside of the body; lining of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts; epithelium + areolar connective tissue; goblet cells secrete mucus | mucous membranes
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| covers body surface, commonly called skin, part of integumentary system | cutaneous membranes
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| different from epithelial membranes, composed entirely of connective tissue, and lines joint cavities | synovial membranes
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| excitable, responds to nervous stimulation; are also called muscle fibers; contractile, can shorten and thicken | muscle tissues
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| 3 types of muscle tissues: | skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
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| attached to bones, striated, voluntary; long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells; stimulated by nerve cells | skeletal muscle
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| non-striated, spindle-shaped fibers, much shorter than skeletal muscle, walls of hollow organs and blood vessels, involuntary | smooth muscle tissue
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| only in the wall of the heart, branching cells, involuntary, striated, intercalated discs, specialized intercellular junctions | cardiac muscle tissue
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| what percentage of body weight is represented by skeletal muscle? | 40%
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| found in brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves | nervous tissues
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| main cells, which are specialized for communication, via conduction of nerve impulses (sensory reception, motor control) | neurons
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| two main cell types of nervous tissues: | neurons and neuroglia
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| coordinate, integrate, and regular body functions; composed of cell body (soma), dendrites, and an axon | neurons
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| cells that support and nourish neurons; growth factors, nutrition, structural support | neuroglia
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