AP Psych Unit 8
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| motivation | a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
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| instinct | a complex, unlearned behavior that is patterned throughout a species
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| drive-reduction theory | the theory that an aroused tension state motivates an organism to satisfy a need
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| homeostasis | the tendency to maintain a balanced internal state
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| incentive | a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
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| curiosity motive | people are sometimes driven to behave a certain way because it arouses them, not because an aroused state has motivated them to satisfy a need
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| optimum arousal theory | humans aim not to eliminate arousal, but to maintain optimal levels of arousal
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| Yerkes-Dodson law | performance increases with arousal only up to a certain point, then it decreases
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| hierarchy of needs | Maslow's pyramid of human needs
physiological -> safety -> love -> esteem -> self-actualization -> self-transcendence
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| intrinsic motivation | reflects the desire to do something for internal satisfaction
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| extrinsic motivation | reflects the desire to do something for a reward
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| overjustification effect | occurs when an increase in extrinsic motivation leads to a decrease in intrinsic motivation
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| job | an unfulfilling but necessary way to make money
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| career | an opportunity to advance to a better position in the workplace
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| calling | a fulfilling and socially useful activity
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| flow state | a completely involved, focused state of conciousness
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| industrial-organizational psychology | application of psychological concepts to optimize behavior
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| personnel psychology | a type of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, placement, training, etc
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| organizational psychology | a type of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction
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| human factors psychology | a type of I/O psychology that explores how people and machines interact
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| interviewer illusion | the tendency of interviewers to overrate their discernment
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| structured interview | interview process that asks all applicants the same questions
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| halo error | when an overall evaluation is biased based on specific behaviors in the workplace
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| leniency and severity error | reflects an evaluator's tendency to be too harsh or too easy when rating others
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| recency errors | when an evaluator focuses only on easily remembered, recent events
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| 360 degree feedback | when you rate your manager and peers, and they do the same for you
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| achievement motivation | a desire for significant accomplishment
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| grit | passion and perseverance in the pursuit of a long-term goal
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| task leadership | directive leadership in which the boss sets the goals
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| social leadership | collaborative leadership that focuses on empowering employees
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| glucose | a form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides energy for body tissue
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| insulin | hormone secreted by the pancreas that controls blood glucose
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| hypoglycemia | deficiency of glucose in the bloodstream
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| hyperglycemia | excess of glucose in the bloodstream
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| lateral hypothalamus | part of the brain that triggers hunger
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| orexin | hormone secreted by the lateral hypothalamus that triggers hunger
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| ventromedial hypothalamus | part of the brain that suppresses hunger
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| set point | the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set
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| basal metabolic rate | the body's resting rate of energy expenditure
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| obesity | having a BMI of 30 or more
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| leptin | protein hormone secreted by fat cells that can increase metabolism and lessen hunger
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| ghrelin | hormone secreted by an empty stomach that sends hunger signals to the brain
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| PYY | digestive track hormone that sends signals to the brain when one is full
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| emotion | a whole-organism response to stimuli
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| opponent process theory | theory that suggests emotions are biphasic
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| James-Lange theory | arousal leads to emotion
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| Cannon-Bard theory | arousal and emotion are separate and happen at the same time
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| Schacter two factor theory | cognitive appraisal is of emotion not the stimulus
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| spillover effect | when an arousal response to one event spills over to the next event
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| polygraph | a machine used to detect lies
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| facial feedback effect | the tendency of facial muscles to trigger corresponding emotions
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| behavior feedback effect | bodily movement can influence emotions
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| health psychology | psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine
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| ten basic emotions |
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| catharsis | venting negative emotions helps reduce anger
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| feel good do good phenomenon | when happy, we are more likely to help others
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| subjective well being |
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| adaptation level phenomenon |
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| relative deprivation |
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| diathesis stress model | the theory that psychological disorders develop from a genetic predisposition combined with stressful life conditions
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| stress | the process by which we react to events that we appraise as threatening or challenging
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| distress | stress perceived as negative
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| eustress | stress perceived as positive
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| cortisol | glucocorticoid stress hormone that affects immune system function, memory, blood pressure, etc
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| glucocorticoid | hormones produced by the adrenal gland
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| alarm reaction | the nervous system is suddenly activated
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| resistance | your body attempts to cope with the stressor
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| exhaustion | your body's reserves run out and you become more vulnerable to illness
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| tend and befriend response | people provide support to others and seek support in return when stressed
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| problem focused coping | involves reducing stress by changing the stressor
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| emotion focused coping | involves responding to stress by tending to emotional needs
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| biofeedback | electronic devices provide feedback of our physiological responses
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| coronary heart disease | vessels that nourish the heart muscle become clogged
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| type A | competitive, driven, impatient, anger-prone people
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| type B | relaxed, easygoing people
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| psychophysiological illness | any stress-related physical illness such as hypertension
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| psychoneuroimmunology | how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes affect health
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| B lymphocytes | white blood cells that form in the bone marrow and release antibodies to fight bacterial infection
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| T lymphocytes | white blood cells that form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances, even good ones
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| macrophage | immune system cells that identify, pursue, and ingest harmful invaders
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| natural killer cells | immune system cells that pursue diseased cells
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