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AP Psych Unit 8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| motivation | a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior |
| instinct | a complex, unlearned behavior that is patterned throughout a species |
| drive-reduction theory | the theory that an aroused tension state motivates an organism to satisfy a need |
| homeostasis | the tendency to maintain a balanced internal state |
| incentive | a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior |
| curiosity motive | people are sometimes driven to behave a certain way because it arouses them, not because an aroused state has motivated them to satisfy a need |
| optimum arousal theory | humans aim not to eliminate arousal, but to maintain optimal levels of arousal |
| Yerkes-Dodson law | performance increases with arousal only up to a certain point, then it decreases |
| hierarchy of needs | Maslow's pyramid of human needs physiological -> safety -> love -> esteem -> self-actualization -> self-transcendence |
| intrinsic motivation | reflects the desire to do something for internal satisfaction |
| extrinsic motivation | reflects the desire to do something for a reward |
| overjustification effect | occurs when an increase in extrinsic motivation leads to a decrease in intrinsic motivation |
| job | an unfulfilling but necessary way to make money |
| career | an opportunity to advance to a better position in the workplace |
| calling | a fulfilling and socially useful activity |
| flow state | a completely involved, focused state of conciousness |
| industrial-organizational psychology | application of psychological concepts to optimize behavior |
| personnel psychology | a type of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, placement, training, etc |
| organizational psychology | a type of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction |
| human factors psychology | a type of I/O psychology that explores how people and machines interact |
| interviewer illusion | the tendency of interviewers to overrate their discernment |
| structured interview | interview process that asks all applicants the same questions |
| halo error | when an overall evaluation is biased based on specific behaviors in the workplace |
| leniency and severity error | reflects an evaluator's tendency to be too harsh or too easy when rating others |
| recency errors | when an evaluator focuses only on easily remembered, recent events |
| 360 degree feedback | when you rate your manager and peers, and they do the same for you |
| achievement motivation | a desire for significant accomplishment |
| grit | passion and perseverance in the pursuit of a long-term goal |
| task leadership | directive leadership in which the boss sets the goals |
| social leadership | collaborative leadership that focuses on empowering employees |
| glucose | a form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides energy for body tissue |
| insulin | hormone secreted by the pancreas that controls blood glucose |
| hypoglycemia | deficiency of glucose in the bloodstream |
| hyperglycemia | excess of glucose in the bloodstream |
| lateral hypothalamus | part of the brain that triggers hunger |
| orexin | hormone secreted by the lateral hypothalamus that triggers hunger |
| ventromedial hypothalamus | part of the brain that suppresses hunger |
| set point | the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set |
| basal metabolic rate | the body's resting rate of energy expenditure |
| obesity | having a BMI of 30 or more |
| leptin | protein hormone secreted by fat cells that can increase metabolism and lessen hunger |
| ghrelin | hormone secreted by an empty stomach that sends hunger signals to the brain |
| PYY | digestive track hormone that sends signals to the brain when one is full |
| emotion | a whole-organism response to stimuli |
| opponent process theory | theory that suggests emotions are biphasic |
| James-Lange theory | arousal leads to emotion |
| Cannon-Bard theory | arousal and emotion are separate and happen at the same time |
| Schacter two factor theory | cognitive appraisal is of emotion not the stimulus |
| spillover effect | when an arousal response to one event spills over to the next event |
| polygraph | a machine used to detect lies |
| facial feedback effect | the tendency of facial muscles to trigger corresponding emotions |
| behavior feedback effect | bodily movement can influence emotions |
| health psychology | psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine |
| ten basic emotions | |
| catharsis | venting negative emotions helps reduce anger |
| feel good do good phenomenon | when happy, we are more likely to help others |
| subjective well being | |
| adaptation level phenomenon | |
| relative deprivation | |
| diathesis stress model | the theory that psychological disorders develop from a genetic predisposition combined with stressful life conditions |
| stress | the process by which we react to events that we appraise as threatening or challenging |
| distress | stress perceived as negative |
| eustress | stress perceived as positive |
| cortisol | glucocorticoid stress hormone that affects immune system function, memory, blood pressure, etc |
| glucocorticoid | hormones produced by the adrenal gland |
| alarm reaction | the nervous system is suddenly activated |
| resistance | your body attempts to cope with the stressor |
| exhaustion | your body's reserves run out and you become more vulnerable to illness |
| tend and befriend response | people provide support to others and seek support in return when stressed |
| problem focused coping | involves reducing stress by changing the stressor |
| emotion focused coping | involves responding to stress by tending to emotional needs |
| biofeedback | electronic devices provide feedback of our physiological responses |
| coronary heart disease | vessels that nourish the heart muscle become clogged |
| type A | competitive, driven, impatient, anger-prone people |
| type B | relaxed, easygoing people |
| psychophysiological illness | any stress-related physical illness such as hypertension |
| psychoneuroimmunology | how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes affect health |
| B lymphocytes | white blood cells that form in the bone marrow and release antibodies to fight bacterial infection |
| T lymphocytes | white blood cells that form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances, even good ones |
| macrophage | immune system cells that identify, pursue, and ingest harmful invaders |
| natural killer cells | immune system cells that pursue diseased cells |
Created by:
TessaMeyers
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