Biological Bases of Behavior
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| Endocrine System | Ductless glands that typically secrete hormones directly into the blood, which help regulate body and behavioral processes.
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| Hormone | Chemical messenger that travels through the blood to a receptor site on a target organ.
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| Pituitary Gland ("Master Gland") | Endocrine gland in brain that produces stimulating hormones, which promote secretion by other glands including:
TSH, ACTH, FSH, ADH, and HGH
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| TSH |
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| ACTH |
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| FSH |
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| ADH |
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| HGH |
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| Thyroid Gland | Endocrine gland in neck that produces thyroxine, which stimulates and maintains metabolic activities.
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| Parathyroids | Endocrine glands in neck that produce parathyroid hormone, which helps maintain calcium ion level in blood necessary for normal functioning of neurons.
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| Adrenal Glands | Endocrine glands atop kidneys; made up of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
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| Adrenal Cortex | The outer layer produces steroid hormones such as cortisol, which is a stress hormone.
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| Adrenal Medulla | The core secretes adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), which prepare the body for "fight or flight" like the sympathetic nervous system.
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| Pancreas | Gland near stomach that secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar that fuels all behavioral processes. Imbalances result in diabetes and hypoglycemia.
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| Ovaries and Testes | Gonads in females and males, respectively, that produce hormones necessary for reproduction and development of secondary sex characteristics.
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| Pineal Gland | Endocrine gland in brain that produces melatonin that helps regulate circadian rhythms and is associated with seasonal affective depressive disorder.
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| Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT or CT) | Creates a computerized image using x-rays passed through the brain to show structure and/or the extent of a lesion.
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| Lesion | Precise destruction of brain tissue, enables more systematic study of the loss of function resulting from surgical removal (also called ablation), cutting of neural connections, or destruction by chemical applications.
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | Creates more detailed computerized images using a magnetic field and pulses of radio waves that cause emission of signals that depend upon the density of tissue.
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| Electroencephalogram (EEG) | An amplified tracing of brain activity produced when electrodes positioned over the scalp transmit signals about the brain's electrical activity ("brain waves") to an electroencephalograph machine.
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| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | Shows brain activity when radioactively tagged glucose rushes to active neurons and emits positrons.
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| Functional MRI (fMRI) | Shows brain activity at higher resolution than the PET scan when changes in oxygen
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| Neuron | Neuron the basic unit of structure and function of your nervous system. Neurons perform three major functions: receive information, process it, and transmit it to the rest of your body. Made up of the cell body (soma), axon, and dendrites.
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| Cell Body | Cell's support center that contains genetic information, maintains the neuron's structure, and provides energy to drive activities. Made up of a nucleus and specialized organelles.
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| Dendrites | Branching tubular processes of a neuron that have receptor sites for receiving information (neurotransmitters).
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| Axon | A long, single conducting fiber extending from the cell body of a neuron that transmits an action potential and that branches and ends in tips called terminal buttons (a.k.a. axon terminals, or synaptic knobs), which secrete neurotransmitters.
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| Myelin Sheath | A fatty covering of the axon made by glial cells, which speeds up conduction of the action potential.
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