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Biological Behavior

Biological Bases of Behavior

TermDefinition
Endocrine System Ductless glands that typically secrete hormones directly into the blood, which help regulate body and behavioral processes.
Hormone Chemical messenger that travels through the blood to a receptor site on a target organ.
Pituitary Gland ("Master Gland") Endocrine gland in brain that produces stimulating hormones, which promote secretion by other glands including: TSH, ACTH, FSH, ADH, and HGH
TSH
ACTH
FSH
ADH
HGH
Thyroid Gland Endocrine gland in neck that produces thyroxine, which stimulates and maintains metabolic activities.
Parathyroids Endocrine glands in neck that produce parathyroid hormone, which helps maintain calcium ion level in blood necessary for normal functioning of neurons.
Adrenal Glands Endocrine glands atop kidneys; made up of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
Adrenal Cortex The outer layer produces steroid hormones such as cortisol, which is a stress hormone.
Adrenal Medulla The core secretes adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), which prepare the body for "fight or flight" like the sympathetic nervous system.
Pancreas Gland near stomach that secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar that fuels all behavioral processes. Imbalances result in diabetes and hypoglycemia.
Ovaries and Testes Gonads in females and males, respectively, that produce hormones necessary for reproduction and development of secondary sex characteristics.
Pineal Gland Endocrine gland in brain that produces melatonin that helps regulate circadian rhythms and is associated with seasonal affective depressive disorder.
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT or CT) Creates a computerized image using x-rays passed through the brain to show structure and/or the extent of a lesion.
Lesion Precise destruction of brain tissue, enables more systematic study of the loss of function resulting from surgical removal (also called ablation), cutting of neural connections, or destruction by chemical applications.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Creates more detailed computerized images using a magnetic field and pulses of radio waves that cause emission of signals that depend upon the density of tissue.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) An amplified tracing of brain activity produced when electrodes positioned over the scalp transmit signals about the brain's electrical activity ("brain waves") to an electroencephalograph machine.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Shows brain activity when radioactively tagged glucose rushes to active neurons and emits positrons.
Functional MRI (fMRI) Shows brain activity at higher resolution than the PET scan when changes in oxygen
Neuron Neuron the basic unit of structure and function of your nervous system. Neurons perform three major functions: receive information, process it, and transmit it to the rest of your body. Made up of the cell body (soma), axon, and dendrites.
Cell Body Cell's support center that contains genetic information, maintains the neuron's structure, and provides energy to drive activities. Made up of a nucleus and specialized organelles.
Dendrites Branching tubular processes of a neuron that have receptor sites for receiving information (neurotransmitters).
Axon A long, single conducting fiber extending from the cell body of a neuron that transmits an action potential and that branches and ends in tips called terminal buttons (a.k.a. axon terminals, or synaptic knobs), which secrete neurotransmitters.
Myelin Sheath A fatty covering of the axon made by glial cells, which speeds up conduction of the action potential.
Created by: PunkSkunk
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