Sept 2009 - March 2010
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| How many AIDS orphans are there in Africa? | 2 Million
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| How many deaths are caused by tuberculosis each year? | 5 Million
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| How many deaths are caused by Malaria each year? | 3 Million
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| How many deaths are caused by Sleeping Sickness each year? | 400,000
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| What is immunity? | The immune system functions to maintain the integrity of the body
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| Small Lymphocyte | Production of antibodies (B Cells) or Cytotoxic and helper functions (T Cells)
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| Dendritic Cells | Activation of T cells initiation of adaptive immune responses
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| Plasma Cells | Fully differentiated form of B cells that secretes antibodies
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| Mast Cell | Expulsion of parasites from body through release of granules containing histamine and other active ingredients
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| Natural Killer Cell | Kills cells infected with certain viruses
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| Monocyte | Circulating precursor cell to a macrophage
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| Neutrophil | Phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms
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| Macrophage | Phagocytosis and killing or microorganisms. Activation or T cells and innitiation or immune responses
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| Eosinophil | Killing of antibody-coated parasites through release of granule contents
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| Megakaryocyte | Platelet formation, wound repair
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| Basophil | Controlling immune responses to parasites
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| Erythrocyte | Oxygen transport
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| Threats from the outside | Bacteria
Parasites
Viruses
Aliens
Other human cells
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| Threats from within | Tumours
Autoimmunity
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| Hematopoisis | Formation of blood cells
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| Stem cells | (In bone marrow) Rare pluripotent cells capable of self-renewal
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| Pluripotent | A pluripotent cell can create all cell types
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| Monocytes | Short lived in the blood, differentiate to marcrophages & dendritic cells. Become tissue-fixed.
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| Types of Monocytes | Osteoclasts (bones)
Glial Cells (brain)
Kuppfer Cells (liver)
Alverlar macrophages (lung)
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| Antigen Presenting Cells (ACP) | Ingest microbes, destroy, digest.
Process antigen, present antigen
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| APC's present the antigen in the secondary lymphoid organs such as... | Lymph nodes
Spleen
Adenoids/Tonsils
Appendix
Peyers Patches
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| Type A can receive | Type A and Type O
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| Type B can receive | Type B and Type O
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| Type O can receive | Type O only (universal donor)
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| Type AB can receive | Type A, B and O (universal recipient)
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| Our circulation works at? | high pressure
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| Fluid leaks from the capillaries into? | Spaces surrounding tissues
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| Primary Lymphoid Organs | Bone marrow and Thymus
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| Where do all lymphoid cells originate? | Bone Marrow
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| Where to T lymphocytes mature? | Thymus
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| Act as filters and catch anything that shouldn't be there | Secondary Lymphoid Organs
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| Secondary Lymphoid Organs | Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Peyer's Patches
Appendix
Tonsils
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| Humoral Immunity | Antibodies
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| Extracellular Organisms | Bacteria & Viruses/Parasites
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| Cell Mediated Immune Response (Natural killer cells, T killer cells, macrophages) | 1. Tumor & 2. Virus infected cells/parasite-infected cells
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| Antigen named after it's discovery in the Rhesus monkey, Also found in humans | Rh Factor
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| Rh Factor - First Pregnancy (Rh- female, Rh+ male) | No problem
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| Rh factor - Second Pregnancy (Rh- female, Rh+ male) | Big problem
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| Rh Factor (What happens with the antibodies?) | Antibodies made by mother against erythrocytes of the child, recognize the Rh antigen and lyse the erythrocytes of the next developing fetus
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| Blood typing of the parents and administration of the anti-Rh antibodies to remove antigen (red cells) from mother |
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| Proteins secreted by stimulated B lymphocytes (plasma cells). Different kinds have different functions | Antibodies (ABS)
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| Different kids of antibodies | IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, IgE
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| People with blood type A have __ antigens on the erythrocyte surfaces | A
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| People with blood type B have __ antigens on the erythrocyte surfaces | B
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| People with blood type AB have __ antigens on the erythrocyte surfaces | Both
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| People with blood type O have __ antigens on the erythrocyte surfaces | Neither
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| Type A: Tolerant of "A" antigens but have antibodies to "B", Therefore a person of Type A... | Cannot accept blood from type B or AB donor
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| We make immune response to arising cancer cells - these are eliminated from the body | Immunosurveillance
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| Immunosurveillance First line of defense | Macrophages and Natural Killer (NK) cells
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| Immunosurveillance Second line of defense | T Cytotoxic lymphocytes (T killer cells)
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| Develop when transformed cells "sneak through" the immune system | Tumors
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| Cells of colon cancers and in embryos (CEA) | Carcinoembryonic Antigen
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| Liver Cancers (AFP) | Alpha-fetoprotein
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| Ca 27-29 | Breast Cancers
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| Ca 125 | Ovarian Cancer
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| Can be caused by a normal response to a pathogen that has antigens with the same structure as self molecules | Autoimmunity
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| Cause rheumatic fever and sometimes damages heart muscle due to anti-strep antibodies | Streptococcal
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| Breakdown or tolerance to self molecules | True Autoimmunity
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| Autoimmunity results as a consequence of a normal immune response to an infection and the antibodies or cells accidentally react with self molecules | A Misnomer
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| 10x higher frequency in females than males Antibodies are made to platelets, other cells, histones, DNA Estrogen - Hormonally linked expressions to the disease | Systemic Lupus Erythmatosis (SLE)
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| T killer cells attack myelin protein (myelin sheath, insulation to nerves) | Multiple Sclerosis
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| - Frequent in females 40-60 years old - Body makes rheumatoid factor, IgM anti-IgG - Complexes deposit in joints causing inflammation. Like having bits of glass in your joints. | Rheumatoid Arthritis
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| Surgical procedures developed by 1900. Viennese surgeon observed that he could surgically remove a kidney and put it back into the same animal in a procedure called _________? | Transplantation
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| Transplant from one area of a patient to another | Autograft
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| Transplant between genetically identical people | Isograft
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| Transplant between members of the same species | Allograft
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| Transplant between different species | Xenograft
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| Working with burn patients in WW2 noticed that autografts were accepted but allografts were not and that a 2nd allograft from the same donor was rejected faster | Peter Medawar
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| Humans are composed of dozens of different types of tissues, each composed of discrete units called? | Cells
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| About ___ different functional types of cells in humans | 200
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| Two types of Cells | Prokaryote & Eukaryote
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| - Complex intracellular structure - Contains organelles (nucleus, mitochondria) | Eukaryote
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| Relatively simple cell No nucleus Eg. Bacteria | Prokaryote
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| Simple Unicellular organisms may be _______ | Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
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| Complex multicellular organisms may be _____ | Only Eukaryotes
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| Estimated total number of cells in human body? |
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| Organized, highly condensed (supercoiled) unit of DNA. Usually single copy in bacteria (haploid) | Prokaryotic Nucleoid
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| The genome is organized as _______ | Chromosomes
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| Human cells contain __ pairs of chromosomes (diploid) | 23
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| These people solved the structure of DNA | James Watson & Francis Crick
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| These people prove that genes are composed of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) | Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty and Colin MacLeod
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| Each strand or DNA is made of a string of ______ | Nucleotides
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| Each _______ is composed of a sugar-phosphate backbone and a Base | Nucleotide
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| 4 Different Types of Bases In DNA | Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, Thymine
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| 2 DNA strands are held together by weak _______ _____ | Hydrogen Bonds
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| First Objective of the Human Genome Project | Determine the sequence of the 4 bases in human DNA
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| 3 Stages of Human Clinical Trials | Stage 1: Is drug safe for humans?
Stage 2: Does drug work for it's intended purpose?
Stage 3: How does new drug compare with other available treatments?
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| Experiment where subjects are not informed of type of treatment they receive | Blind Experiment
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| Experiment where neither subject or experimenter is informed of treatment type | Double Blind
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| Diverse group of food supplements claimed to have medical benifits | Neutraceuticals
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| Based on genomic regions containing Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) | DNA Fingerprinting
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| Recognition sites for restriction enzymes | Cleavage Sites
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| Performed on a rectangular slab of gel composed of aragose, a carbohydrate extracted from kelp | Aragose Gel Electrophoresis
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| During Aragose Gel Electrophoresis, DNA molecules always move towards the _______ | Anode +
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| All _________ carry complete genome | Somatic Cells
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| One of the 2 DNA strands used as template for synthesis of complimentary strand of mRNA | Transcription
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| Information on mRNA is decoded into amino acid sequence of a protein on ribosomes | Translation
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| Chain of nucleotides sythesized by ___ _______ from template strand of DNA | RNA Polymerase
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| Single stranded Ribose instead of deoxyribose Thymine replaced by uracil | mRNA
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| Each sequence of 3 bases in RNA | Codon
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| A set of 64 three-letter combinations called “codons” used to decode genes into proteins | The Genetic Code
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| Two common applications of gene chips | 1. DNA-based diagnostic tests
2. Study of gene expression patterns in cells
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| Unique enzyme used to synthesize cDNA from mRNA template | Reverse Transcriptase
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| cDNA labeled by using nucleotides tagged with __________? | Fluorescent Dye
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| Gene Chip: Colourless means? | Unexpressed genes
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| Gene Chip: Coloured spots mean? | Expressed genes
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| Microarray analysis: What colour are the genes expressed only in normal cells? | Green
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| Microarray analysis: What colour are the genes expressed only in cancer cells? | Red
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| Microarray analysis: What colour are the genes unexpressed in normal and cancer cells? | No colour
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| Replacing a bad gene with a good one from a normal person to cure problem | Gene Therapy
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| Simplest viruses composed of __________ surrounding genome | Protein coats
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| Professional cell break-in artists Cell dependent Professional Gene couriers (Leave genes at every crime scene) | Viruses
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| Genes usually incorporated into host chromosome at | Very low efficiency
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| Used as gene delivery tools | Retroviruses
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| Inside living body; Cells genetically modified directly in patient | In Vivo
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| Outside living body; Appropriate cells taken from patient, genetically modified, and then returned to patient | Ex Vivo
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| First human disease to be successfully treated by gene therapy Single gene defect | Severe Combined ImmunoDeficiency (SCID)
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| Cells involved in immunity are derived from? | Bone Marrow Stem Cells
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| Detects mutations that cause a disease or may predispose an individual to a disease | DNA Test
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| Bonds between DNA strands are broken and separated by heating | Denaturation
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| 2 DNA strands are cooled and allowed to bond with cooling | Hybridization or Annealing
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| Most common fatal genetic disease in north american Caucasians Caused by mutations in single gene | Cystic Fibrosis
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| CF mutations are _______ meaning both parents must carry one mutant gene to pass disease to children | Recessive
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| Late onset, involves progressive destruction of tissue in nervous system resulting in loss of motor and cognitive function | Huntington's Disease
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| HD mutation is ________ meaning only one parent needs to have one copy of the gene | Dominant
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| HD gene encodes protein known as? | Huntingtin
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| Mutant huntingtin undergoes _______ but normal huntingtin does noe | cleavage
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| Areas containing a single base variation in DNA sequence | SNP
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| Stages of embryonic development | 1. Sperm fertilizes egg
2. 2-Cell stage
3. 4 cell stage
4. Blastocyst stage
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| Genetically altered | Transgenic
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| Method for creating genetically altered mice | 1. Modified cloned gene injected into nucleus of fertilized egg
2. Gene spliced into chromosome of embryo at low frequency
3. Resulting "transgenic embryo" implanted into surrogate mother.
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| Two common ways to identify function of disease gene in animals | 1. Mutate cloned gene to mimic sequence of human diseased gene
2. Completely destroy gene in genome (gene knockout)
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| What are Fibroblasts? | Elongated cells
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| ____________ are the only cells that can't be grown in a lab | Nervous system cells
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| People with __________ lack insulin-producing beta cells of pancreas | Type 1 diabetes
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| _______ regulates blood sugar metabolism | Insulin
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| Type 1 diabetes is an _____________ where immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells | Autoimmune
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| Discovered insulin | Frederick Banting and Charles Best
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| Produced purified insulin from cows pancreas | Bertram Collip
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| Problems with porcine and bovine insulin? | - Low yields
- Hard to purify, contaminants caused allergic reactions
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| First genetically engineered medication to be licensed for human use | Recombinant Human Insulin
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| A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. The 0.1% difference in individuals | Polymorphism
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| A region that can have more than one form or sequence | Polymorphic Region
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| Occur 1 in every 100-300 bases, mostly in junk with no known effect | SNP's
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| Branch of the human genome project. Objective: Assemble a catalog of all human SNP's | International HapMap Project
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| Differentiate into different cell types (brain, skin nerve) Diploid | Somatic Cells
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| Carry 2 copies of each chromosome | Diploid Cells
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| Sperm of Ova Haploid Cells | Germ (Reproductive) Cells
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| Carry single copies of each chromosome | Haploid Cells
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| Involves dissecting individual intact genes from genome | Cloning Genes
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| Protein that carries out a chemical reaction | Enzyme
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| A large molecule made up of smaller building blocks (monomers) | Polymer
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| Cut DNA at specific sequences of bases, found in bacteria | Restriction Nucleases
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| Gene is inserted into a ________ to create recombinant DNA | Vector
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| Example of a vector | Plasmid
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| A system for naming organisms. First name: Genus, Second: Species. | Binomial Nomenclature
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| Genes from different organisms that share similar function | Homologs
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| Finding homologs by computer-assisted identification of similar sequences on genomes of different organisms | Comparative Genomics
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| Possess human homologs | Model organisms
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| 99% of mouse and human genes are | homologs
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| A _______ is an excellent model organism to study humans | Mouse
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| About 60% of genes involved in roughly 300 human diseases also occur in? | Fruit flies
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| Easy to grow in lab Unicellular eukatyote | Bakers Yeast
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| Fast life cycle: 6 Weeks from germination to seed. Allows one to perform plant genetic experiments quickly | Mustard Weed
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| Cannot be cultured in lab | Syphilis
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| Polymer composed of monomers called amino acids | Protein
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| __ different amino acids occur in proteins | 20
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| Sequence of amino acids determines _____ of protein | Shape
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| Shape of Protein, determines it's function | Conformation
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| All proteins assume their shapes through process known as? | Folding
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| Each sequence of 3 bases is a? | Gene
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| There are about ______ genes | 25,000
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| 2 Forms of Junk DNA | 1. Duplications
2. Repetitions
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| The genetic switches that regulate the expression of genes | Junk DNA
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