Services and Settlements - Rural/Urban Settlements and Urbanization
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| clustered rural settlements | an agricultural-based community in which several families live near each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings
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| circular clustered rural settlement | consists of a central open space surrounded by structures
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| Maasai people | sub-Saharan Africa, pastoral nomads who build circular settlements called kraal, livestock in the center and houses surround
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| kraal | circular settlements built by the Maasai people
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| linear clustered rural settlement | comprise buildings clustered along a road, river, or dike to facilitate communications
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| old clustered rural settlement pattern | central common surrounded by the church, school, and various houses
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| dispersed rural settlement | characterized by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements
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| enclosure movement | in the UK between 1750 and 1850 - resulted in the consolidation of individually owned strips of land surrounding villages into large farms owned by single individuals
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| 4 urban hearths | Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and Indus River Valley
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| early consumer services | places to bury the dead, places for ceremonies and dwellings
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| early business services | places to store food and trade, officials set fair prices, kept record, and created currency
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| 1st settlements | 2500 BCE, trading center that provided govt, military protection, and other services - organized into city-states - places for families and manufacturing centers
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| Rome | empire’s center for administration, commerce, culture, and all other services - the world’s most populous city 2,000 years ago and may have been the first city to reach a half million inhabitants
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| feudal lords | gave residents charters of rights with which to establish independent cities in exchange for their military service
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| churches | the tallest and most elaborate structures
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| urbanization | the process by which the population of urban settlements grows
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| 2 dimensions of urbanization | increase in % and number of people living in urban settlements
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| Louis Wirth | argued during the 1930s that an urban dweller follows a different way of life than does a rural dweller
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| 3 characteristics of a city | large size, high population density, socially heterogeneous people
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| percent urban of developed country | 79%
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| percent urban of developing country | 50%
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| megacity | an urban settlement with a total population in excess of 10 million people (Osaka, Moscow, Los Angeles, Paris, London, and Nagoya in developed countries)
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| metacity | has more than 20 million people (Tokyo, Seoul, and New York in developed countries)
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| London | 1st city to exceed 5 million, around 1900
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| New York City | 1st city to exceed 10 million, around 1940
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| Tokyo | current world's largest city
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| Jakarta, Indonesia | may become the world's largest city by 2030
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