AP Psych Vocab Unit 5 for Mrs. Hajdik's class
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| Memory | Persistence of learning over time through the storage & retrieval of information.
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| Storage | the retention of encoded info over time.
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| Retrieval | the process of getting info out of memory storage.
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| Sensory Memory | a quick, fleeting memory that is activated by the 5 senses (1-3 secs).
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| Iconic Memory | momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; photographic lasting no more than 1/10th of a sec. Iconic = Icon = pic on your computer.
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| Short-term Memory | Conscious active processing of auditory & visual-spatial info that holds a few items briefly. George A. Miller says we can hold +/- 7 info bits. “Miller’s Magic #” Ex: 7 digits, 6 letters, or 5 words.
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| Long-term Memory | Relatively permanent & limitless storehouse of knowledge, skills, & experiences.
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| Encoding | the processing of info into the memory system. Encoding = Inside the brain
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| Working Memory | activated memory that holds a few items (7 items) for a brief time (30 secs) before the info is stored or forgotten. Encode through rehearsal
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| Flashbulb Memory | A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment/event. It is as clear as looking at a pic. Ex: 9/11
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| Episodic Memories | Memories of certain events/episodes. Ex: birthdays, holidays, vacays, etc. *Not every episodic memory is a flashbulb memory, but every flashbulb memory is an episodic memory.
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| Semantic Memories | Fact-based Jeopardy-like info that we acquired about the world throughout our lives
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| Procedural Memories | “How to” or implicit memory. Ex: walking, talking, & riding a bike.
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| Automatic Processing | Unconscious encoding of incidental info such as space, time, frequency, & of well-learned info (meaning of words).
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| Implicit Memories (Nondeclarative) | Nondeclarative, procedural, how-to memory that you do not have to think about, independent of conscious recollection.
Examples: Riding a bike. Playing an instrument. Use of motor skills.
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| Effortful Processing | Encoding that requires attention & conscious effort.
Explicit/Declarative Memories
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| Explicit Memories (Declarative) | Declarative memory; facts & experiences that one can consciously know & declare. Examples: Vacations, holidays, personally experienced memories
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| State-Dependent Memories | What we learn in one state may be easily recalled when
we are again in the state, such as being happy or sad.
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| Mood-Congruent Memories | The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.
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| Serial Position Effect | Our tendency to recall best the last & first items in a list.
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| Long-Term Potentiation |
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| Retrograde Amnesia | The inability to remember(the past) anything before specific brain surgery or an accident.
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| Anterograde Amnesia | The inability to form new memories after specific brain
surgery or an accident.
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| Retroactive Interference | The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info; backward acting. New disrupts past learning. Ex: can’t remember your old locker combo because keep remembering your new one
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| Proactive Interference | The disruptive effect past (prior) learning on the recall of new
info; forward acting. Past disrupts new learning. Ex: Can’t remember your new locker combo b/c you keep remembering your old one.
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| Source Amnesia | Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard/read about, or imagined.
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| Algorithm | A logical step-by-step procedure that, if followed correctly, will eventually solve for a specific problem. Example: Typing 0000, 0001, 0002, 0003, 0004, etc to figure out a pin # for an ATM card.
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| Concepts | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
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| Convergent Thinking | A type of thinking that uses logic & algorithms to solve problems,
there is only one answer, don’t see multiple perspectives.
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| Divergent Thinking | A type of thinking in which problem solvers devise a # of possible alternative approaches to problems & solutions, involves taking risks.
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| Heuristics | A general rule of thumb or “shortcut” that is used to reduce the # of possible solutions to a problem. Example: using birthdays for a pin #
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| Prototype | A mental image or best example of a category. Ex: Is a tomato a fruit? Is a whale a fish or mammal?
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| Biases | Having preexisting positions/beliefs about events, people, etc.
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| Availability Heuristic | Judging the likelihood of an event based on readily available personal experiences/news reports.
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| Belief Perserverance | Holding onto a belief even after it’s been discredited.
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| Confirmation Bias | A preference of info that confirms preexisting beliefs, while ignoring or discounting contradictory evidence.
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| Functional Fixedness | The tendency to think of an object as functioning only in its usual/customary way. Individuals often do not see innovative ways of familiar objects.
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| Representativeness Heuristic | Judging the likelihood of an event based on how well it matches a typical example.
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| Language | Way we communicate meaning (spoken, written, or gestured) to ourselves & others.
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| Language Acquisition Device (LAD) | Innate speech-enabling structures in the brain that allow us to learn language.
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| Linguistic Determinism | Thinking affects our language, which in turn affects our thoughts.
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| Morpheme | the smallest units of meaning in a language.
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| Phoneme | the smallest distinctive units of sound in language.
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| Semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, & sentences. Ex: ed; means it happened in the past.
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| Syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences. Ex: adjectives come before nouns in English
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| Telegraphic Speech | Child speaks in 2 words around 24 mo. Ex: Go Park!
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| Achievement Tests | Measure what you already have learned. Ex: literacy test, driver’s
test, or final exam in psych.
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| Aptitude Tests | Attempt to predict your ability to learn new skills. Ex: SAT or ACT; which predicts how you will do in future academic work.
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| Crystallized Intelligence | Our accumulated knowledge & verbal skills. Increases with age.
Ex: Vocabulary
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| Fluid Intelligence | The ability to think quickly & abstractly. Decreases with age.
Ex: Puzzles
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| Intelligence Quotient (IQ) | a method for assessing an individual’s mental
aptitudes & comparing to others, using numerical scores.
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| Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test | Measures performance in 15 areas.
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| Wechsler Intelligence Scale (adult and children) | contains sub scores for verbal comprehension, processing speed, perceptual organization, & working memory.
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| Test Construction | For a psychological test to be acceptable it must fulfill the following three criteria:
1. Standardization
2. Reliability
3. Validity
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| Stereotype Test | A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
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| Reliability | A test is reliable when it yields consistent results. Types:
1. Split-half
2. Split-test
3. Test-Retest
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| Validity | A test that measures what it is intended to measure/predict. Types:
1. Content
2. Predictive
3. Construct
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| Down Syndrome | A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability & associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
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| Intellectual Disability | a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound.
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| Savant Syndrome | A condition in which a person otherwise is limited in
mental ability but has an exceptional skill, such as
computation or drawing.
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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