AP Psych Unit 7A
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| memory | learning that has persisted over time; information that has been acquired, stored, and can be retrieved
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| encoding | the processing of information into the memory system
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| storage | the process of retaining encoded information over time
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| retrieval | the process of getting information out of storage
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| parallel processing | the processing of many aspects of an environment simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of step by step processing
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| sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
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| short-term memory | activated memory that briefly holds information before it is stored or forgotten
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| long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system, including knowledge, skills, and experiences
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| working memory | a newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information retrieved from long term memory
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| explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know
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| effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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| automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, frequency, and well learned information
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| implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection
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| explicit memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
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| echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
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| chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable categories, often automatically
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| mnemonics | memory aids that often use vivid imagery and organization devices
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| spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through mass study
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| testing effect | enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading, information
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| shallow processing | encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
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| deep processing | encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
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| hippocampus | the part of the brain that processes explicit memories
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| cerebellum | the part of the brain that processes implicit memories
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| amygdala | the part of the brain responsible for processing emotions such as fear and aggression
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| flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant event
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| long term potentiation | the neural basis for learning and memory; an increase in synaptic efficiency
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| aplysia | a species of sea snail that was studied, showing an increase in potential neural firing efficiency after repeated shocks
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| serotonin | the neurotransmitter that causes LTP when released into the synapses
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| synapse | the area between neurons where nerve cells communicate with each other through neurotransmitters
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| CREB | a protein that helps reshape synapses and consolidate short term memories
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| nootropics | drugs that enhance cognitive ability
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| recall | the ability to consciously retrieve memories
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| recognition | the ability to recognize memories when memory cues are present
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| relearning | a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time
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| priming | the activation of a strand of memories that leads to the recall of a specific piece of information
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| context dependent memory | memory recall is improved when encoding and recall occur in the same external environment
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| state dependent memory | what we learn while in one internal state is best recalled when in that state again
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| mood congruent memory | the tendency to recall memories that are consistent with one’s current mood
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| rosy retrospection | the tendency to remember an experience as more enjoyable than one would have felt at the time of the experience
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| serial position effect | recall is best for the first and last items on a list
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| anterograde amnesia | the inability to form new memories
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| retrograde amnesia | the inability to recall past memories
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| encoding | when we cannot remember something because we did not encode it in the first place
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| next in line effect | when recall is better for what other people say but poor for a person just before you in line
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| storage decay | refers to the poor durability of stored memories, even well encoded ones
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| Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve | indicates that the course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off overtime
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| retrieval failure | refers to situations where the information cannot be accessed even though it is retained in memory
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| proactive interference | when you attempt to retrieve newly learned information but instead retrieve older information
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| retroactive interference | when you try to retrieve old information, but instead retrieve new information
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| tip of the tongue phenomenon | a retrieval failure phenomenon that occurs when stored information is temporarily blocked
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| positive transfer | when previously learned information facilitates our learning of new information
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| repression | a defense mechanism that banishes anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
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| misinformation effect | involves incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event
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| source amnesia | involves attributing an event to the wrong source we have experienced, heard, read, or imagined
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| dejavu | the eerie sense that you have experienced something before
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