Unit 4 ap psych
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Learning | show 🗑
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| show | is linking two events that occur close together in time
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| Conditioning | show 🗑
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| show | type of learning where we associate 2 stimuli and anticipate events after repetion
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| show | to associate a response (behavior) and it consequences
learn to repeat behavior followed by desirable results (aka rewards)
learn to avoid behaviors by undesirable results( punishment)
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| Ivan Pavlov | show 🗑
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| Unconditioned stimulus {US} (not learned, natural response) | show 🗑
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| show | naturally occurring response to the US
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| Neutral stimulus {NS} (Learned ) | show 🗑
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| show | A previously (NS) that is paired with {US} and result,triggers a conditioned response.
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| Conditioned Response (CR) (learned) | show 🗑
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| show | - organisms connect their own behavior with consequences
-Stimulus follows the response and strengthens it
- actions followed by reinforcers increase
-actions followed by punishers decrease
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| John B. Watson | show 🗑
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| show | - placed a cat in a puzzle box with food reward outside the box
-concluded that rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur and he called it law of effect
- reapted experment many times and observed that cats escaped from the box more quickly over succsesi
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| show | Generalize everything
Ex: Respond to all ringing sounds
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| show | Response to a specific thing
EX: dinner bell
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| show | Dog stops responding to bell because food (US) is never paired with the bell (CS) after the initial learning
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| show | Can only occur after extinction
EX:Response to bell appears at a random time after extinction
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| Higher Order Pairing Also called second-order conditioning | show 🗑
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| show | First Behavioral Therapist
Developed Counterconditioning
Method to unlearn fears
Works best for children
Gave candy while brining the white rat closer to the child
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| show | Developed by Joseph Wolpe
Treatment for anxiety and fear
Cannot be fearful and relaxed at the same time
Teaches individuals to relax in fearful or anxious situations
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| show | Coined Operant Conditioning
Focus on Reinforcements
Skinner Box
Explained Superstitious Behaviors
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| Shaping | show 🗑
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| Chaining | show 🗑
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| Instinctive Drift | show 🗑
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| Reinforcements | show 🗑
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| show | Add pleasant stimulus
Examples
Complete chores for money
Arriving at work on time to receive praise and a pay raise from your boss
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| show | Avoid/Stop unpleasant stimulus
Escape and Avoidance Learning
Examples
Driving speed limit to avoid ticket
Hitting the snooze button to shut off an annoying alarm
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| show | the tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns
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| Punishment | show 🗑
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| Positive Punishment | show 🗑
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| Negative Punishment | show 🗑
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| Fixed Ratio | show 🗑
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| Variable Ratio | show 🗑
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| show | Reinforcement after a set period of time
Ex: Weekly Exam
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| show | Reinforcement after an unpredictable length of time
Ex: Pop Quiz
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| show | the passive resignation a person/animal acquires when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
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| Albert Bandura | show 🗑
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| show | The perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal direction determine our fate
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| show | The perception that we direct and create our own fate
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| What is Personal Control? | show 🗑
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| Problem-Focused Coping | show 🗑
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| Emotion-Focused Coping | show 🗑
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| show | -A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
- Excessive reward can destroy intrinsic motivation with the overjustification effect
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| show | - A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
-Interest in subject – if there were not grade at stake, would you still be curious to learn the material
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| show | A sudden realization of a problem’s solution
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| Latent Learning | show 🗑
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| Continuous Reinforcement | show 🗑
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| show | Reinforcing a response only part of the time
Occurs more often in real life
Pro: resistance to extinction is greater
Con: Learning is slower to appear
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| Effective If | show 🗑
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| show | Does not teach correct behavior
Resulting unpleasant emotion can deter learning
May suggest inflicting pain is justified
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