AP Psych Unit 5
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| consciousness | the limited-capacity awareness of one’s self and environment
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| preconscious | mental processes are unconscious at a particular moment but available for recall
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| unconscious | mental processes occur automatically and are not available to introspection
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| nonconscious | mental proceses that occur without the individual being aware
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| biological rhythms | fluctuation of the body and mind such as alertness and bodily temperature over varying periods of time
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| circadian rhythm | the biological clock that regulates bodily rhythms such as wakefulness
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| ultraradian rhythm | a biological cycle that occurs multiple times a day
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| infraradian rhythm | a biological cycle that occurs once a month or once a season
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| sleep | periodic, natural loss of consciousness
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| REM sleep | a recurring sleep stage in which vivid dreams and rapid eye movements occur
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| beta waves | the low amplitude, high frequency brain waves exhibited during strong mental activities such as conversation
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| alpha waves | the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
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| hallucinations | visual sensory experiences that occur in the absence of a stimulus
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| hypnagogic sensations | any sensory experience that occurs in the absence of a stimulus
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| sleep spindles | periodic bursts of rapid activity during NREM-2 sleep
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| K complexes | brain waves that occur near the end of the NREM-2 sleep stage
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| theta waves | the brain waves that occur during NREM-2 sleep stage
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| delta waves | the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
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| NREM sleep | non-rapid eye movement sleep
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| sleep paralysis | when you regain awareness from sleep, but your body remains asleep, preventing you from being able to move
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| suprachiasmatic nucleus | a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls our circadian rhythm
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| pineal gland | the part of the brain that regulates melatonin production
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| melatonin | a hormone that regulates alertness and induces sleep
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| adenosine | the hormone that acts as an “energy currency” and makes us feel sleepier the longer we stay awake
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| sleep debt | the cumulative effect of successive nights of 5 or fewer hours of sleep
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| insomnia | a sleep disorder characterized by recurring problems with falling or staying asleep
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| narcolepsy | a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks
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| sleep apnea | a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessation of breath during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
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| sudden infant death syndrome | death of a healthy baby caused by cessation of breath
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| night terrors | partial awakening from sleep with physical responses to feelings of terror
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| nightmares | scary dreams based on real or fictional events
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| somnambulism | sleepwalking
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| REM behavior disorder | a lack of sleep paralysis during REM leads to a wide spectrum of behavioral release during sleep
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| dream | a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind
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| lucid dreams | a type of dream in which the dreamer becomes aware that they are dreaming
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| Freud's wish fulfillment theory | the idea that dreams provide a psychic safety valve to discharge unacceptable feelings
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| manifest content | the actual events, symbols, and people in a dream
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| latent content | the symbolic interpretation of the dream
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| information processing theory | the theory that dreams may help sift, sort, and fix the day’s experiences into our memories
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| physiological function theory | the theory that dreams provide the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation to develop and preserve neural pathways
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| activation synthesis theory | the theory that dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity
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| cognitive development theory | the theory that our dreams reflect brain maturation and cognitive development
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| REM rebound | the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
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| substance use disorder | continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk
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| psychoactive drug | a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
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| tolerance | with repeated exposure to a drug a person experiences a reduced response to the drug and it takes larger doses to achieve the desired effect
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| addiction | compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite known adverse consequences
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| physical dependence | the absence of a drug may lead to negative emotions
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| psychological dependence | the absence of a drug may lead to negative emotions
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| withdrawal | the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing a drug or behavior
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| depressants | drugs that reduce neural activity and slow bodily functions
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| alcohol | psychoactive drug that reduces neural activity by acting as a GABA agonist
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| alcohol use disorder | chronic disease characterized by uncontrolled drinking and preoccupation with alcohol
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| blood alcohol content | a measure of how much alcohol is in a person’s bloodstream
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| barbiturates | psychoactive drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment
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| opiates | temporarily lessen pain and anxiety by acting as an endorphin agonist
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| morphine | an opiate used medicinally to relieve pain
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| heroin | an opiate derived from morphine that is used as a narcotic
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| stimulants | drugs that excite neural activity and speed-up bodily functions
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| caffeine | a stimulant commonly used in coffee that blocks adenosine receptors, preventing the feeling of relaxation
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| amphetamines | stimulants that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
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| nicotine | a stimulant similar to caffeine that is inhaled, often causing severe lung damage
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| cocaine | a stimulant that blocks the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, inducing temporary euphoria, followed by depression
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| methamphetamines | stimulants that produce heightened energy and euphoria because the trigger the release of dopamine, although they reduce natural dopamine levels overtime
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| ecstacy | an amphetamine derivative and mild hallucinogen that increases both dopamine and serotonin
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| hallucinogens | psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
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| LSD | powerful hallucinogenic drug in which the emotions range from euphoria to detachment to panic
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| THC | the major active ingredient in marijuana (hemp plant) triggers a variety of effects, including mild euphoria and hallucinations
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