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AP Psych Unit 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| consciousness | the limited-capacity awareness of one’s self and environment |
| preconscious | mental processes are unconscious at a particular moment but available for recall |
| unconscious | mental processes occur automatically and are not available to introspection |
| nonconscious | mental proceses that occur without the individual being aware |
| biological rhythms | fluctuation of the body and mind such as alertness and bodily temperature over varying periods of time |
| circadian rhythm | the biological clock that regulates bodily rhythms such as wakefulness |
| ultraradian rhythm | a biological cycle that occurs multiple times a day |
| infraradian rhythm | a biological cycle that occurs once a month or once a season |
| sleep | periodic, natural loss of consciousness |
| REM sleep | a recurring sleep stage in which vivid dreams and rapid eye movements occur |
| beta waves | the low amplitude, high frequency brain waves exhibited during strong mental activities such as conversation |
| alpha waves | the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state |
| hallucinations | visual sensory experiences that occur in the absence of a stimulus |
| hypnagogic sensations | any sensory experience that occurs in the absence of a stimulus |
| sleep spindles | periodic bursts of rapid activity during NREM-2 sleep |
| K complexes | brain waves that occur near the end of the NREM-2 sleep stage |
| theta waves | the brain waves that occur during NREM-2 sleep stage |
| delta waves | the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep |
| NREM sleep | non-rapid eye movement sleep |
| sleep paralysis | when you regain awareness from sleep, but your body remains asleep, preventing you from being able to move |
| suprachiasmatic nucleus | a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls our circadian rhythm |
| pineal gland | the part of the brain that regulates melatonin production |
| melatonin | a hormone that regulates alertness and induces sleep |
| adenosine | the hormone that acts as an “energy currency” and makes us feel sleepier the longer we stay awake |
| sleep debt | the cumulative effect of successive nights of 5 or fewer hours of sleep |
| insomnia | a sleep disorder characterized by recurring problems with falling or staying asleep |
| narcolepsy | a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks |
| sleep apnea | a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessation of breath during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings |
| sudden infant death syndrome | death of a healthy baby caused by cessation of breath |
| night terrors | partial awakening from sleep with physical responses to feelings of terror |
| nightmares | scary dreams based on real or fictional events |
| somnambulism | sleepwalking |
| REM behavior disorder | a lack of sleep paralysis during REM leads to a wide spectrum of behavioral release during sleep |
| dream | a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind |
| lucid dreams | a type of dream in which the dreamer becomes aware that they are dreaming |
| Freud's wish fulfillment theory | the idea that dreams provide a psychic safety valve to discharge unacceptable feelings |
| manifest content | the actual events, symbols, and people in a dream |
| latent content | the symbolic interpretation of the dream |
| information processing theory | the theory that dreams may help sift, sort, and fix the day’s experiences into our memories |
| physiological function theory | the theory that dreams provide the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation to develop and preserve neural pathways |
| activation synthesis theory | the theory that dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity |
| cognitive development theory | the theory that our dreams reflect brain maturation and cognitive development |
| REM rebound | the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation |
| substance use disorder | continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk |
| psychoactive drug | a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood |
| tolerance | with repeated exposure to a drug a person experiences a reduced response to the drug and it takes larger doses to achieve the desired effect |
| addiction | compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite known adverse consequences |
| physical dependence | the absence of a drug may lead to negative emotions |
| psychological dependence | the absence of a drug may lead to negative emotions |
| withdrawal | the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing a drug or behavior |
| depressants | drugs that reduce neural activity and slow bodily functions |
| alcohol | psychoactive drug that reduces neural activity by acting as a GABA agonist |
| alcohol use disorder | chronic disease characterized by uncontrolled drinking and preoccupation with alcohol |
| blood alcohol content | a measure of how much alcohol is in a person’s bloodstream |
| barbiturates | psychoactive drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment |
| opiates | temporarily lessen pain and anxiety by acting as an endorphin agonist |
| morphine | an opiate used medicinally to relieve pain |
| heroin | an opiate derived from morphine that is used as a narcotic |
| stimulants | drugs that excite neural activity and speed-up bodily functions |
| caffeine | a stimulant commonly used in coffee that blocks adenosine receptors, preventing the feeling of relaxation |
| amphetamines | stimulants that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes |
| nicotine | a stimulant similar to caffeine that is inhaled, often causing severe lung damage |
| cocaine | a stimulant that blocks the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, inducing temporary euphoria, followed by depression |
| methamphetamines | stimulants that produce heightened energy and euphoria because the trigger the release of dopamine, although they reduce natural dopamine levels overtime |
| ecstacy | an amphetamine derivative and mild hallucinogen that increases both dopamine and serotonin |
| hallucinogens | psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input |
| LSD | powerful hallucinogenic drug in which the emotions range from euphoria to detachment to panic |
| THC | the major active ingredient in marijuana (hemp plant) triggers a variety of effects, including mild euphoria and hallucinations |
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TessaMeyers
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