Abnormal Psychology Exam 2
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| bulimia nervosa | eating disorder involving recurrent episodes of uncontrolled excessive (binge) eating followed by compensatory actions to remove the food (eg. deliberate vomiting, laxative abuse, and excessive exercise)
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| binge | relatively brief episode of uncontrolled, excessive consumption, ususlly of food or alcohol
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| anorexia nervosa | eating disorder characterized by recurrent food refusal, leading to dangerously low body weight
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| obesity | excess body fat resulting in a body mass index (BMI, a ratio of weight to height) of 30 or more
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| purging techniques | in the eating disorder bulimia nervosa, the self-induced vomiting or laxative abuse used to compensate for excessive food ingestion
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| binge-eating disorder (BED) | pattern of eating involving distress0inducing binges not folowed by purging behaviors; being considered as a new DSM diagnostic category
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| night eating syndrome | consuming a third or more of daily food intake after the evening meal and getting out of bed at least once during the night to have a high-calorie snack. in the morning, person is not hungry and does not eat bfast. they do not binge and seldom purge
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| bariatric surgery | surgical approach to extreme obesity, usually accomplished by stapling the stomach to create a small stomach pouch or by bypassing the stomach through gastric bypass surgery
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| rapid eye movement sleep (REM) | periodic intervals of sleep during which the eyesmove rapidly from side to side, and dreams occur, but the body is inactive
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| dyssomnias | problems in getting to sleep or in obtaining sufficient quality sleep
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| parasomnias | abnormal behaviors such as nightmares or sleepwalking that occur during sleep
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| polysomnographic (PSG) evaluation | assessment of sleep disorders in which a client sleeping in the lab is monitored for heart, muscle, respiration, brain wve, and other functions
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| actigraph | small, electronic device that is worn on the wrist like a watchand records body movements. this can be used to record sleep-wake cycles
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| sleep efficiency (SE) | percentage of time actually spent sleeping of the total time spent in bed
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| microsleeps | shrt, seconds-long periods of sleep that occur in people who have been deprived of sleep
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| primary insomnia | difficulty in initiating, maintaining, or gaining from sleep, not related to other medical or psychological problems
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| hypersomnia | abnormally excessive sleep. a person with this condition will fall asleep several times a day
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| sleep apnea | disorder involvig brief periods when breahing ceases during sleep
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| narcolepsy | sleep dirorder involving sudden and irresistable sleep attacks
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| breathing-related sleep disorders | sleep disruption leading to excessive sleepiness or insomnia, caused by a breathing problem such as interrupted (sleep apnea) or labored (hypoventilation) breathing
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| circadian rhythm sleep disorders | sleep distrubances resulting in sleepiness or insomnia, caused by the body's inability to synchronize its sleep patterns with the current pattern of day and night
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| nightnames | frightening and anxiety-provoking dreams occurring during rapid eye movement sleep. the individual recalss the bad dreams and recovers alertness and orientation quickly
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| sleep terrors | episodes of apparent wakening from sleep, accompanied by signs of panic, followed by disorientation and amnesia for the incident. these occur during nonrapid eye movement sleep and so do not involve frightening dreams
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| sleepwalking | parasomnia that involves leaving the bed during nonrapid eye movement sleep
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| heterosexual behavior | sexual activity with members of the opposite gender
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| homosexual behavior | sexual activity with members of the same gender
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| gender nonconformity | boys who behave in feminine ways and girls who behave in masculine ways
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| sex reassignment surgery | surgical procedures to alter a person's physical anatomy to conform to that peron's psychological gender issues
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| sexual dysfunction | sexual disorder in which the client finds it difficult to function adequately while having sex
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| hypoactive sexual desire disorder | apparent lack of interest in sexual activity or fantasy that would not be expected considering the person's age and life situation
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| sexual aversion disorder | extreme and persistent dislike of sexual contact or similar activities
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| male erectile disorder | recurring inaility in some men to attain or maintain adequate peile erection until cmpletion of sexual activity
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| female sexual arousal disorder | recurrent inability in ome women to attain or maintain adequate lubrication and sexual excitement swelling responses until completion of sexual activity
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| inhibited orgasm | inability to achieve orgasm despite adequate sexual desire and arousal; commonly seen in women but relatively rare in men
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| female orgasmic disorder | recurring delay or absense of orgasm in some women following a normal sexual excitement phase, reative to their prior experience and current stiumation. aka inhibited orgasm
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| male orgasmic disorder | recurring delay in or absence of orgasm in some men following a normal sexual excitement phase, relative to age and current stimulation. aka inhibited orgasm
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| premature ejaculation | recurring jacultion before the person wishes it, with minimal sexual stimulation
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| sexual pain disorders (dyspareunia) | recurring genital pain in either males or females before, during, or after sexual intercourse
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| vaginismus | recurring involuntary muscle spasms in the outer third of the vagina that interfere with sexual intercourse
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| paraphilias | sexual diorders and deviations in which seual arousal occurs almost exclusively in the context of inappropriate objects or individuals
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| frotteurism | paraphilia in which theperson gains sexual gratification by rubbing against unwilling victims in crowds from which they cannot escape
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| fetishism | long-term, recurring, intense sexually arounsing urges, fantasies, or behavior involving the use of nonliving, unusual objects, which cause distress or impairment in life functioning
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| voyeurism | paraphilia in which sexual arousal is derived from observing unsuspecting individuals undressing or naked
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| exhibitionism | sexual gratification attained by exposing gentials to unsuspecting strangers
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| transvestic fetishism | paraphilia in which individuals, usually males, are sexually aroused or receive gratification by wearing clothing of the opposite gender
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| sexual sadism | paraphilia in which sexual arousal is associated with inflicting pain or humiliation
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| sexual masochism | paraphilia in which sexual arousal is associated with experiencing pain or humiliation
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| pedophilia | paraphilia involving strong sexual attracton toward children
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| incest | deviant sexual attration (pedophilia) directed toward a family member; often the attraction of a father toward a daughter who is maturing physically
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| covert sensitization | cognitive-behavioral intervention to reduce unwanted behaviors by having clients imagine the extremely aversive consequences of the behaviors and establish negative rather than positive associations with them
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| orgasmic reconditioning | learning procedure to help clients strengthen appropriate patterns of sexual arousal by pairing appropriate stimuli with the pleasurable sensations of masturbation
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| schizophrenia | devastating psychoti disorder thatmay involve characteristic disturbances in thinking (delusions), perception (hallucinations), speech, emotions, and behavior
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| catatonia | disorder of movement involving immobility or excited agitation
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| hebephrenia | silly and immature emotionality, a characteristic of some types of schizophrenia
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| paranoia | people's irrational beliefs that thy are especially important (delusions of grandeur) or that other people are seeking to do them harm
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| dementia praecox | latin term meaning "premature loss of min," an early label for what is now called schizophrenia, emphasizing the disorder's frequent appearance during adolescence
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| associative splitting | separation among basic functions of human personality (eg. cognition, emotion and perception) seen by some as the defining characteristic of schizophrenia
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| psychotic behavior | severe psychological disorder cateogry characterized by hallucinations and loss of contact with reality
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| positive symptoms | more overt symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations, displayed by some people with schizophrenia
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| negative symptoms | less outgoing symptoms, such as flat affect and poverty of speech, displayed by some people with schizophrenia
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| avolition | apathy, or the inability to initiate or persist in important activities
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| alogia | deficiency in the amount or content of speech, a disturbance often seen in people with schizophrenia
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| anhedonia | inability to experience pleasure, associated with some mood and schizophrenic disorders
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| flat affect | apparently emotionless demeanor (including toneless speech and vacant gaze) when a raction would be expected
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| disorganized speech | style of talking often seen in people with schizophrenia, involving incoherence and a lack of typical logic patterns
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| inappropriate affect | emotional displays that are improper for the situation
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| catatonic immobility | disturbance of motor behavior in which theperson remains motionless, sometimes in an awkward posture, for extended periods
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| paranoid type of schizophrenia | type of schizophrenia in which symptoms primaryily inolve delusions and hallucinations; speech and motor and emtional behavior are relatively intact
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| disorganized type of schizophrenia | type of schizophrenia featuring disrupted speech and behavior, disjointed delusions and hallucinations, and silly or flat affect
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| catatonic type of schizophrenia | type of schizophrenia in which motor disturbances (rigidity, agitation, and odd mannerisms) predominate
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| undifferentiated type of schizophrenia | category for individuals who meet the criteria for schizophrenia but not for one of the defined subtypes
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| residual type of schizophrenia | diagostic category or people who have experienced at least one episode of schizophrenia and who no longer display its major symptoms but still show some bizarre thoughts or social withdrawal
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| schizophreniform disorder | psychotic disorder involving the symptoms of schizophrenia but lasting less than 6 months
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| schizoaffective disorder | psychotic disorder featuring symptoms of both schizophrenia and major mood disorder
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| delusional disorder | psychotic disorder featuring a persistent belief contrary to reality (delusion) but no other symptoms of schizophrenia
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| brief psychotic disorder | psychotic disturbances involving delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech or behavior but lasting less than 1 month; often occurs in reaction to a stressor
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| shared psychotic disorder (folie a deux) | psychotic disturbance in which individuals develop a delusion similarto that of a person with whom they share a close relationship
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| schizotypal personality disorder | cluster A (odd) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of interpersonal deficits featuing acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships, as well as cognitive or perceptual distortions ad eccentricities of behavior
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| schizophrenogenic mother | according to an obsolete, unsupported theory, a cold, dominating, and rejecting parent who was thoughtt cause schizophrenia in her offspring
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| double bind communication | according to an obsolete, unsupported theory, the practice of transmitting conflicting messages that was thought to cause schizophrenia
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| expressed emotion (EE) | hostility, criticism, and overinvolvement demonstrated by some families toward a family member with a psychological disorder. this can often contribute to the person's relapse
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| token economy | social learning behavior modification system in which individuals earn items they can exchange for desired rewards by displaying appropriate behaviors
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