chap. 15, 17 and 18 543-559
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| show | Emotions are physiological responses to a salient(events that stand out the most) environmental situation objective 3 types(all automatic): Autonomic arousal, Behavioral/action, motivation can be measured Subjective 1: feelings can be measured
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| show | Objective automatic response Nervous system response to the situation, stress -Mobilizes energy for quick response and Hormone release reinforces the autonomic response
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| behavioral/action emotional response | show 🗑
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| show | objective automatic response -Psychological driven to overcome an adaptive challenge -Directs the behavior driven to avoid pain & move towards pleasure, gives the directions to correctly use behaviors
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| show | Subjective component of emotions, humans feel as they experience -The feelings described as "emotions" have been associated w/physiological responses through learning/experience -can't be measured, only talk to humans about feelings
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| James-Lange theory | show 🗑
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| Cannon-Bard theory Emotions help us deal wit the environment | show 🗑
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| show | Feelings result from the cognitive interpretation of physiological activation, like james -Interpret by eliciting stimuli, the surrounding situation, cognitive states (body/situation) -emotional labels depend on the interpretations of a situation
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| Fear | show 🗑
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| show | Involved in reactions to stimuli w/biological significance(like needing food/water) -Receives input from: thalamus(pulls in all sensory signals, doesn't interpret,get info before brain), Sensory cortex(interprets stimuli), hippo(memories about stimuli)
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| Central Nucleus of the amygdala responses to fear | show 🗑
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| show | Sends input to the amygdala about sensory signals but doesn't interpret, receives info before the brain interprets
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| Sensory cortex in fear | show 🗑
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| Hippocampus in fear | show 🗑
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| Periaqueductal gray area in fear | show 🗑
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| show | Receives info from CN of the amygdala Autonomic (sympathetic) response, feeding behaviors
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| Bed nucleus of the Stria terminalis (BNST) in fear | show 🗑
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| show | result in loss of fear to aversive stimuli -no fear, really melow animals -Tame animals, fewer stress hormones, decreased anxiety, less stress,induced illness -fear is the reason animals react badly
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| show | Unable to recall emotional memories Unable to learn conditioned emotional responses
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| show | removal of amygdala = loss of fear removing large portions of the temporal lobe animals become tame plus eat random things plus hypersexuality
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| Conditioned emotional response (other selections of the brain, but takes very long) | show 🗑
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| show | Behavioral response involving threatening gestures or an attack on another animal -Species-specific, controlled by genetically organized neural circuits related to both reproduction/self defense -Circuits are very hormone sen. -Controlled by PAG
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| Periaqueductal grey in aggression | show 🗑
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| Dorsal PAG in aggression | show 🗑
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| show | Controls eating, hunting behaviors
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| show | Regulates emotional expression (keep things in check) -recongnizes the emotional significance of complex social situations -Inhibits impulses,reg. behavioral responses Slowest developing area of the brain,
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| Impairment of prefrontal cortex (humans) | show 🗑
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| show | Correlated w/a reduction in gray matter of the prefrontal cortex
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| Oritofrontal cortex | show 🗑
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| show | Part of prefrontal cortex Critical to emotional reasoning, contributes to emotional/moral res. -How we chosen to express our emotions/they play into our morals
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| show | Inhibits aggression/risk taking behavior -Low 5-HT activity increase aggressive attacks
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| Monkeys + serotonin | show 🗑
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| Mice + Serotonin | show 🗑
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| Prefrontal serotonin in aggression | show 🗑
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| show | Prenatal androgen exposure organizes neural circuits controlling aggression -puberty, testosterone activates these circuits, increasing aggressive behaviors
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| show | Critical to reproductive/defensive behaviors -sti. Testosterone produces aggression (High con. of androgen receptors, injections= increase intermale aggression)
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| show | not aggressive can't get aroused
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| show | chemical castration cuts of source of androgen so won't work on receptors, decreased aggression
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| High levels of androgen | show 🗑
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| show | increasing aggression
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| Androgens | show 🗑
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| show | Emotion is communicated through physical responses -Alerts others to one's feelings, includes postural changes, sounds and facial expressions *most intense w/audience
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| show | Innate responses, automatic/involuntary -RIght hemisphere is critical to expression of emotion -Darwin: ppl of isolated tribes recognize the meaning of facial expressions /make the same expressions -Blind children
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| Innate responses | show 🗑
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| show | Critical to expression/recognition of emotion -left side of the face makes more intense expression then right -lesions impair facial expression/recognition of emotion
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| show | a lot of expressions that escape prefrontal can't stop it
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| show | 1:facial nerve innervates superficial muscles(attached to facial skin) of expression 2:trigeminal nerve innervates deep facial muscles(attached structures of the head) jaw
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| Paralinguistic | show 🗑
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| Recognition of emotion | show 🗑
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| Stress | show 🗑
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| General adaptation syndrome | show 🗑
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| Cortisol | show 🗑
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| Immune system | show 🗑
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| show | eating cells like macrophages/neutrophils are specialized in engulfing/destroying germs -told what to attack by lymphocytes
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| B Lymphocytes | show 🗑
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| show | formed in thymus gland act as killer cells -Specialized cells: T helpers secrete cytokines = proteins that regulate activity B cells divide or die
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| Learning | show 🗑
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| show | Changes in synaptic structure/biochemistry -Changing the strength with which affects the post target
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| Long-term potentiation(strengthened/increased effect) | show 🗑
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| show | Synaptic transmission is more likely to cause an AP in the post-synaptic neuron -last from several mins to years can be induced throughout the brain
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| show | part of the limbic system located in the temporal lobes -Composed of Dentate gyrus, CA 1-3, subiculum Perforant pathway:
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| show | cell body in the entorthinal cortex synapses w/ the dentate gyrus (door way into/out of the hippo) -major source of input
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| Experimental induction of LTP | show 🗑
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| Experimental induction of LTP part 2 | show 🗑
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| show | An increased response in the dentate gyrus indicates that synapses have been strengthened -One AP is more likely to get the cells to depolarize
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| Neural events resulting in LTP | show 🗑
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| 3 times of Synaptic modifications = LTP | show 🗑
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| show | Critical to est. LTP -Second messenger= activates protein kinases(direct chemical reactions in the chemical reactions in the cell necessary for LTP) -NT binding+depolarization helps Ca get into cell
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| NMDA receptors( critical for learning) | show 🗑
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| show | Glutamate binding + Depolarization of the post synaptic cell -Lets Ca in
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| show | An AP results in a backwash of depolarization up the cell body/dendrites -Spike+glutamate binding at NMDA receptor= Ca Channels open to allow chemical influx
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| Increased receptors (Strengthening of synapses) | show 🗑
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| CaMK enzymes | show 🗑
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| Synaptogenesis(LTP result) | show 🗑
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| show | Post.S density expands until it perforates=splits into multiple densities>Pre.S active zone splits into corresponding regions>Perforated synapse further divides until the spine branches= 2 spines con. synaptic region
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| Synaptogenesis results | show 🗑
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| show | LTP ass. w/ an ^ in glutamate release by the Pre.S neuron -Influenced by retrograde messengers: Nitric oxide
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| Nitric Oxide | show 🗑
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| show | Neurons that fire together, wire together -Synapses that are reliably active just before the generation of an AP are strengthened -Firing weak & strong synapse on the same Post.S neuron> strengthens the weak synapse by association
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| show | Declarative memory: talk about Nondeclarative memory: hard to talk about, act out)
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| show | explicit/readily available to conscious recollection(talk about) -Episodic: memories of events(details) -Semantic: memories of facts
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| show | Implicit, unconscious knowledge (hard to talk about, act out) -Perceptual: memory of perviously expeienced stimuli -Motor: Procedural learned behavioral seq. -Stimulus-response:learned res. to specific stimuli
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| show | Neural changes that result in recognizing a sti. that has been perceived before ex. recognizing new term -Based on synaptic changes in the sensory ass cortices -Later input from the same stimulus results in the same pattern of activation> recognition sti
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| Classical conditioning | show 🗑
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| Classical conditioning: Neural mechanisms | show 🗑
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| show | Lateral amygdala receives weak input on the CS(tone) & strong input US (footshock) -Strong US synapses depolarize neurons in the lateral amygdala= AP in projections to the central amygdala CNA generates emotional res. (UR freezing)
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| show | Repeated depolarization by strong US synapses, paired w/ recep. activation at weak CS synapses=strengthens -Connections between NE signaling the tone/neurons signaling the behavioral res. is strengthened (firing at tone synapse indepent. AP = freeze beha
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| show | Procedural memories: changes that result in a new seq. of movements -Est. new motor skill seq., based on changes in motor system -New behaviors req extensive modifi. of brain circuits, adj produce changes to these circuits
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| show | Learning new seq of motor res involves sensory input & motor output -Two pathways: direct transcortical projections Connections through thalamus/basal ganglia
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| show | Req focus on environmental sti./cortical processing of sensory input accomplished by transcortical pathways
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| repeated Motor learning | show 🗑
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| show | thalamus takes in all sensory before cortex + prefrontal (Planning)> Basal Ganglia -Muscle memory in Basal ganglia(damage motor plans wipe out)
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| show | learning to make a response in order to gain reinforcement/avoid punishment formation of ass. between discriminative sti, behavioral output, resulting conseq DS= contextual cue
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| show | Behavior occurs in res to the DS reinforcing/punishing sti. follows behavior Animal learns to make the correct behavior in that context to gain reward/avoid pain Neural reinforcement mechanism, synapses between DS neurons that produce a behavioral res
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| Circuitry of Reinforcement | show 🗑
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| Circuitry Of reinforcement con. | show 🗑
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| Medial forebrain bundle | show 🗑
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| show | Highly rewarding Dopamine release in the NAc is strongly reinforcing, just about instant rewards=dopamine=addiction -common model of reward motivation( rat keeps pressing bar just to get instant reward from brain even w/o food)
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| Neural circuitry of reinforcement Strengthening of synapses by reinforcement | show 🗑
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