Micro Ch. 3,4,7
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| What is an autotroph? | show 🗑
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| Autotroph | show 🗑
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| show | Lacks nucleus, membrane bound organelles,
Includes bacteria and archaea
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| show | Archaea more similar to Eukaryotes - have similar RNA sequences. Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls
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| Heterotroph | show 🗑
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| Heterotroph | show 🗑
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| Chemoheterotrophs | show 🗑
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| Which Carbon and Energy Source Categories do MOST MICROBES, all animals, fungi, protozoans, and most bacteria fall into? | show 🗑
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| show | CHEMOheterotrophs
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| show | Aerobic Respiration
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| show | Energy source: oxidize organic chemical compounds; carbon source: organic compounds; most microbes fall into this category
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| show | Require neither LIGHT nor organic nutrients Energy source: possess enzymes to synthesize inorganic compounds into organic materials.
Energy source: simple inorganic reactions
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| Which carbon and energy group can survive completely on inorganic substances, such as minerals? | show 🗑
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| Which carbon and energy group is most likely to be found deep in the bottom of a deep ocean? | show 🗑
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| Microbial metabolism is categorized on the basis of: | show 🗑
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| show | Microbes that have adapted to growing in the presence of air (about 20% oxygen)
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| Anaerobe: | show 🗑
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| Have both enzymes that process toxic oxygen products and enzymes that use oxygen in metabolism. | show 🗑
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| show | Anaerobe.
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| Metabolism of aerobes: | show 🗑
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| Metabolism of anaerobes: | show 🗑
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| show | Anaerobically in the light (using anoxygenic photosynthesis), or aerobically (as chemoheterotrophs) using aerobic respiration
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| Facultative | show 🗑
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| Facultative Anaerobe: | show 🗑
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| Obligate | show 🗑
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| show | Chemoautotrophs (We derive our carbon sources from Organic materials, and our energy source from chemical
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| Chemoautotrophs are usually what kind of cell? | show 🗑
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| What is the maximum temperate of an organism: | show 🗑
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| If the temperature rises slightly over the maximum temperate of a microbe, what will happen? | show 🗑
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| If the temperature continues to grow after the maximum temperature has been reached, what will happen? | show 🗑
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| When does denaturation occur? | show 🗑
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| show | Denaturation
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| show | Optimal Temperature
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| Autotrophs can derive their energy source from which ways: | show 🗑
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| Which carbon group derives its energy source from inorganic compounds? | show 🗑
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| Which carbon group derives its energy source from organic compounds? | show 🗑
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| What is the group of microbes called that derives both their carbon and energy sources from organic substances? | show 🗑
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| What is the name of a microbe that grows optimally in 25 degrees Celsius? | show 🗑
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| show | Psychrophile
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| What is the name of a microbe that grows optimally in 75 degrees Celsius? | show 🗑
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| What is the name of a microbe that grows optimally in 90 degrees Celsius? | show 🗑
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| show | 20-40 degrees Celsius
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| What is the optimal range of growth for a psychrophile? | show 🗑
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| What is the optimal range of growth for a thermophile? | show 🗑
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| What is the optimal range of growth for a hyperthermophile? | show 🗑
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| show | Mesophiles
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| _______________ cannot grow in temperatures above 20 degrees Celsius | show 🗑
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| Where can a psychrophile be found? | show 🗑
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| ______ are rarely pathogenic. | show 🗑
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| show | Animals, plants, soil and water in
temperate, subtropical and tropical regions.
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| What is the average temperature of the human body? | show 🗑
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| show | 30-40 degrees Celsius
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| show | 45-80 degrees Celsius
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| show | 80-250 degrees Celsius
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| show | 0-14,
1-7 = acidic
7-14 = alkaline (basic)
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| A pH of 7 is: | show 🗑
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| show | 6-8
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| show | Because strong acids and bases can be damaging to the enzymes and other cellular substances.
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| show | Volcanoes
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| Where can thermophiles be found? | show 🗑
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| pH refers to: | show 🗑
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| show | ACIDIC
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| show | BASIC
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| Acidophiles: | show 🗑
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| Alkalinophiles: | show 🗑
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| Where are alkalinophiles found: | show 🗑
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| Where can acidophiles be found? | show 🗑
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| show | Requires high concentrations of salt. Inhabit salt lakes, ponds, and other hypersaline habitats.
Require at least 9% NaCl;
Grow optimally at 25% NaCl
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| show | 1. those that can detoxify oxygen and use it.
2. those that can detoxify oxygen but don't use it.
3. those that don't detoxify oxygen and don't use it.
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| show | can detoxify all the toxins that result as a bi-product of the oxygen. `
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| show | Possess the defense mechanisms against the toxins of oxygen and have adapted to using oxygen
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| show | Possess the defense mechanisms against the toxins of oxygen, utilize and grow optimally using oxygen, but can also grow without the presence of oxygen.
Ex: Yeast, E.Coli
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| Microaerophile Anaerobes: | show 🗑
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| Where can you find a Microaerophile Anaerobe? | show 🗑
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| Anaerobe: | show 🗑
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| Obligate Anaerobe: | show 🗑
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| Where can you find obligate anaerobes? | show 🗑
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| show | Cannot utilize oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence.
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| Why aren't aerotolerent anaerobes harmed by oxygen? | show 🗑
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| Bacteria that thrive in puncture wounds are likely to be: | show 🗑
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| What are some common sites for anaerobic infection? | show 🗑
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| Bacteria that are autotrophs: | show 🗑
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| show | A symbiotic relationship means that the organisms live in a close, nutritional relationship that is required for one or both members. A non-symbiotic relationship is where both members are free living, and the relationship is not necessary for survival.
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| show | A non-symbiotic relationship is where organisms are free-living & the relationship is NOT necessary for survival. A symbiotic relationship is where organisms are in a close, nutritional relationship that is required for one or both members to survive.
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| What is a relationship called where one member recieves benefits while the other (co-inhabitant) is neither harmed not benefited. | show 🗑
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| A microbe breaks down a substance that would be toxic or inhibitory to another microbe. What kind of relationship is this? | show 🗑
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| A microbe provides nutritional or protective factors needed by the other. What kind of relationship is this? | show 🗑
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| What is mutualism? | show 🗑
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| What kind of relationship is this: Termites harbor protozoans in their intestines, which contain endosymbiotic bacteria. Wood ingested by the termite gets processed by the protozoan and bacterial enzymes, and all three organisms thrive on the nutrients. | show 🗑
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| show | The host organism provides the parasitic microbe with nutrients and a habitat. Multiplication of the parasite usually harms the host to some extent.
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| When a microbe invades another microbe that begins providing it with nutrition and a habitat, this is called __________ | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Parasitism - one microbe invades a host organism that provides it with nutrients and a habitat.
2. Commensalism - one member, the commen, benefits, while the other member is neither benefited nor harmed
3. Mutualism - obligatory but mutually benefici
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| show | Commensalism (one benefits while the other is unharmed)
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| show | Mutualism (both benefit)
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| A tape worm living on the skin of a dog gets food for the worm but harm the dog. | show 🗑
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| What are biofilms? | show 🗑
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| show | Requires light for energy source and CO2 for its Carbon source. Example of photoautotroph is Algae
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| show | Chemoautotroph
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| Which Carbon/Energy group remove electrons from inorganic substances such as Hydrogen gas (h2) surlfer (S) or Iron (Fe) and combine them with Carbon Dioxode (CO2) and Hydrogen(H)? | show 🗑
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| show | They have no fatal effects on the host and eventually evolve to a less harmful relationship with the host.
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| show | Metabolic Enzymes
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| show | O2
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| show | They lack the enzymes that use oxygen in metabolism and they lack the enzymes that process toxic oxygen products
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| Have the enzyme that processes the toxic products of oxygen but not the enzyme that uses oxygen in metabolism. | show 🗑
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| show | Microorganisms that are sometimes found growing in high solute concentration, such as jellies, syrups, and brines are known as what?
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| show | Peroxide and Superoxide
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| show | Superoxide DISMUTASE (for the superoxide) and Catalase (for newly converted Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2)
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| show | The ACTIVITY AND integrity of the enzymes and THE STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS of a cell.
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| Chemoautotrophs can survive on _______ and ______ alone. | show 🗑
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| show | ALL ORGANISMS REQUIRE INORGANIC NUTRIENTS
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| show | Pathogen would be described as a PARASITE: infects the host and host reaps no benefits while supplying the parasitic pathogen a habitat and nutrients
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| show | Free swimming cells find a surface and settle there.
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| show | Cells form a sticky matrix that holds them tightly to the substrate.
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| show | Yes
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| show | Yes
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| show | Yes
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| show | No its reversible.
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| How does the initial attachment happen? What cell structures are used? | show 🗑
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| show | Exopolymers - make the attachment irreversible.
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| What happens after the sticky matrix binds the cells tightly to the substrate? | show 🗑
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| show | Cells release inducer molecules that can coordinate a response
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| show | QUORUM
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| show | Coordinate a response within the entire biofilm. They also grow accordingly with the population of cells, and monitor the size of the population.
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| How do the cells in a biofilm monitor the size of their population? | show 🗑
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| show | Because it ensures that there are enough cells (monitors cell density) for the gene product to be effective and so the gene product concentration isn't too low to be effective
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| If it wasn't for quorum sensing, what could potentially happen? | show 🗑
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| What are examples of quorum-dependent proteins? | show 🗑
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| _________ grow accordingly with the population of cells, and monitor the size of the population. | show 🗑
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| ________ enter biofilm cells and stimulate specific genes on their chromosomes to begin expression. | show 🗑
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| show | Allows biofilms to act as a unit; for example by coordinating the expression of genes that code for proteins, the biofilm can simultaneously produce large quantities of a digestive enzyme or toxin.
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| show | Quorum Sensing
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| Quorum sensing allows members to: | show 🗑
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| What happens to show genetic induction? | show 🗑
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| What is a cells generation time? | show 🗑
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| show | 2 (each generation DOUBLES the population)
after 4 generations there will be: 2^4 cells total.
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| show | The length of a generation time is a measure of the growth rate of an organism.
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| show | 2^(8) = 256
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| show | Number of the generation
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| show | Exponential
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| show | n = (log Nt) - (log No) / log 2
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| show | n = # of generations
Nt = total # of cells
No = original # of cells (how many we started out with)
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| show | g = generation TIME
g = T/n
g = (time) / # of generations
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| What does the calculation of (R) mean? | show 🗑
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| show | g is calculating the generation time, or time that it takes for one generation to occur. Should be labeled in HOURS
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| show | hours
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| What are the 4 stages of microbial growth? | show 🗑
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| show | flat period in graph where population is growing very slowly.
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| show | 1. Newly inoculated cells need an adjustment period, enlargementm and synthesis of DNA, enzymes and ribosomes
2. cells are not yet multiplying at their max rate
3. population of cells is so sparse/dilute that sampling misses them
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| show | They are enlarging and preparing to divide. They are metabolically active.
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| show | Cells reach their maximum rate of cell division. Curve increases geometrically.
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| Log Phase will continue for how long? | show 🗑
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| The purpose of the occular lens is to magnify the image from the.... | show 🗑
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| show | Contain Teichoic Acid
Thick peptidoglycan layer
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| show | chemoheterotroph
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| Common organic molecules that satisfy the organic molecule requirement for heterotrophs | show 🗑
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| show | by processing organic materials by respiration or fermentation, which releases energy that is stored as ATP.
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| Stationary Phase | show 🗑
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| show | Because the rate of cell death / cell inhibition balances out the rate of cell multiplication.
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| show | Depletion of nutrients
Depletion of oxygen
Increased cell density --> causes accumulation of organic acids and toxic biochemicals
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| Death Phase - metabolically active or inactive? | show 🗑
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| The speed of the Death Phase: -how fast? -deciding factors? | show 🗑
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| show | Exponential growth phase
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| show | True
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| show | Exponential
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| A person shedding bacteria in the ______ and _____ stages of the infection are more likely to spread it to others than a person in the _____ stages. | show 🗑
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| show | NO
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| Why is it unwise to incubate cultures that are beyond the stationary phase? | show 🗑
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| Why do we want to do stains (with the exeption of the spore stain) and motility tests on young cultures? | show 🗑
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| why is gelatin not a suitable solidifying agent? | show 🗑
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| show | Do NOT differentiate between living and dead cells
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| One of the most rapid methods of determining the number of cells in a suspension is | show 🗑
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| show | Direct Cell Count
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| show | Motility is hard to measure
Doesnt differentiate between living and dead cells
Requires high concentration of cells to count
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| Advantage of direct microscope count | show 🗑
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| show | Turbidity
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| show | Used to measure turbidity; used to ESTIMATE the number of cells, not give accurate number - cant make a distinction between live and dead cells
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| What would you do to measure the number of LIVE cells you have? | show 🗑
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| Plate Count | show 🗑
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