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Micro Ch. 3,4,7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an autotroph? | Microbe that derives its Carbon Source from CO2 compounds; possesses enzymes to synthesize organic compounds from simple inorganic materials. SELF FEEDER |
| Autotroph | Self Feeder - makes its Carbon Source by breaking down CO2 into organic material |
| prokaryotic cell | Lacks nucleus, membrane bound organelles, Includes bacteria and archaea |
| Difference between Bacteria and Archaea | Archaea more similar to Eukaryotes - have similar RNA sequences. Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls |
| Heterotroph | Microbe whose Carbon source must be obtained through ORGANIC substances, which are found in the bodies of other organisms, thus Heterotrophs are dependent on other life forms. |
| Heterotroph | An organism that cannot synthesize its own food from inorganic raw materials and therefore must obtain energy and body-building materials from other organisms. |
| Chemoheterotrophs | Derive both Carbon and Energy Sources from ORGANIC compounds. Carbon Source: Reliant on other living organisms for ORGANIC carbon; Energy Source: Metabolic conversion of nutrients from other organisms |
| Which Carbon and Energy Source Categories do MOST MICROBES, all animals, fungi, protozoans, and most bacteria fall into? | ChemoHETEROtrophs - they derive both their CARBON SOURCE and their ENERGY SOURCE from organic compounds. |
| Majority of Heterotrophic organisms are: | CHEMOheterotrophs |
| Example of Chemoheterotrophy is: | Aerobic Respiration |
| Chemoheterotrophs | Energy source: oxidize organic chemical compounds; carbon source: organic compounds; most microbes fall into this category |
| Chemoautotrophs | Require neither LIGHT nor organic nutrients Energy source: possess enzymes to synthesize inorganic compounds into organic materials. Energy source: simple inorganic reactions |
| Which carbon and energy group can survive completely on inorganic substances, such as minerals? | ChemoAUTOtrophs |
| Which carbon and energy group is most likely to be found deep in the bottom of a deep ocean? | Chemoautotrophs - dont require any light or organic nutrients to survive |
| Microbial metabolism is categorized on the basis of: | It's relationship to oxygen. |
| Aerobe: | Microbes that have adapted to growing in the presence of air (about 20% oxygen) |
| Anaerobe: | Microbes that lack the enzymes that process toxic oxygen products and lack the enzymes that use oxygen in metabolism; live in habitats from which oxygen has been excluded |
| Have both enzymes that process toxic oxygen products and enzymes that use oxygen in metabolism. | Aerobes |
| Organisms that lack the enzymes that PROCESS the toxic oxygen products and enzyme that use oxygen in metabolism. | Anaerobe. |
| Metabolism of aerobes: | Aerobic Respiration, Oxygenic, Anoxygenic, Photosynthesis |
| Metabolism of anaerobes: | Fermentation, Anaerobic Respiration, Anoxygenic Photosynthesis |
| Bacteria can grow: | Anaerobically in the light (using anoxygenic photosynthesis), or aerobically (as chemoheterotrophs) using aerobic respiration |
| Facultative | Don't require that particular thing, but can TOLERATE it. Used to describe organisms that can alternate between two different modes of metabolism (TAKE IT OR LEAVE IT) |
| Facultative Anaerobe: | Microbe has enzymes that process the toxic products of oxygen and enzyme that uses oxygen in metabolism so it grows best and OPTIMALLY in the presence of oxygen, but can also grow in habitat where oxygen is NOT present. Will use aerobic respiration when o |
| Obligate | Opposite of "facultative" - obligate aerobes MUST grow in presence of oxygen and will die if they don't have it |
| Based on our Carbon and Energy requirements, humans are: | Chemoautotrophs (We derive our carbon sources from Organic materials, and our energy source from chemical |
| Chemoautotrophs are usually what kind of cell? | PROKARYOTIC |
| What is the maximum temperate of an organism: | The highest temperature at which GROWTH and METABOLISM can proceed. |
| If the temperature rises slightly over the maximum temperate of a microbe, what will happen? | The growth and metabolism will stop |
| If the temperature continues to grow after the maximum temperature has been reached, what will happen? | Not only will the growth and metabolism stop, the ENZYMES and NUCLEIC ACIDS will becomes PERMANENTELY DEACTIVATED - a process called DENATURATION |
| When does denaturation occur? | After the microbe has been exposed to a maximum temperate where the enzymes and nucleic acids are permanently inactived, and the cell dies |
| The process when a cell's nucleic acids and enzymes are permanently deactived and the cell dies is called: | Denaturation |
| The intermediate temperature bw the maximum and minimum temperature that promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism is: | Optimal Temperature |
| Autotrophs can derive their energy source from which ways: | 1.) From light 2.) Chemical reactions involving simple chemicals. (inorganic compounds) |
| Which carbon group derives its energy source from inorganic compounds? | Chemoautotrophs |
| Which carbon group derives its energy source from organic compounds? | Chemoheterotrophs |
| What is the group of microbes called that derives both their carbon and energy sources from organic substances? | Chemoheterotrophs |
| What is the name of a microbe that grows optimally in 25 degrees Celsius? | Mesophile (Optimum temperature is between 20 - 40 degrees Celsius) |
| What is the name of a microbe that grows optimally in 5 degrees Celsius? | Psychrophile |
| What is the name of a microbe that grows optimally in 75 degrees Celsius? | Thermophiles |
| What is the name of a microbe that grows optimally in 90 degrees Celsius? | Hyperthermophile |
| What is the optimal range of growth for a mesophile? | 20-40 degrees Celsius |
| What is the optimal range of growth for a psychrophile? | Below 15 degrees Celsius; Can still grow at 0 degree Celsius |
| What is the optimal range of growth for a thermophile? | 45-80 degrees Celsius |
| What is the optimal range of growth for a hyperthermophile? | 80-250 degrees Celsius |
| A majority of medically significant microbes are: | Mesophiles |
| _______________ cannot grow in temperatures above 20 degrees Celsius | Psychrophiles |
| Where can a psychrophile be found? | Lakes, deep oceans, SNOW FIELDS, polar ice |
| ______ are rarely pathogenic. | Psychrophiles |
| Where can a mesophile be found? | Animals, plants, soil and water in temperate, subtropical and tropical regions. |
| What is the average temperature of the human body? | 37 degrees Celsius |
| Most human pathogens have optimal temperature between: | 30-40 degrees Celsius |
| What is the optimal range of temperature for a thermophile? | 45-80 degrees Celsius |
| What is the optimal temperature for a hyperthermophile? | 80-250 degrees Celsius |
| Describe the pH scale | 0-14, 1-7 = acidic 7-14 = alkaline (basic) |
| A pH of 7 is: | neither acidic nor alkaline |
| A majority of organisms live in pH levels between: | 6-8 |
| Why do most microbes live in "calm" pH levels? | Because strong acids and bases can be damaging to the enzymes and other cellular substances. |
| Where can hyperthermophiles be found? | Volcanoes |
| Where can thermophiles be found? | Compost piles, habitats directly exposed to the sun, and soil & water associated with volcanic activity |
| pH refers to: | The concentration of H+ in a solution |
| Adding more H+ to a solution will make it more: | ACIDIC |
| The higher the concentration of OH- in a solution, the ______ it is. | BASIC |
| Acidophiles: | Microorganisms that can grow at very low pH levels - very acidic environments |
| Alkalinophiles: | Microbes that can grow at high levels of pH - basic habitats |
| Where are alkalinophiles found: | Hot pools and soils that contain high levels of basic materials (UP TO 10 pH) |
| Where can acidophiles be found? | Acid pools (0-1.0 pH) Hot coal piles (1-2 pH) |
| Halophiles: | Requires high concentrations of salt. Inhabit salt lakes, ponds, and other hypersaline habitats. Require at least 9% NaCl; Grow optimally at 25% NaCl |
| Microbes exist in 3 categories when it comes to oxygen: | 1. those that can detoxify oxygen and use it. 2. those that can detoxify oxygen but don't use it. 3. those that don't detoxify oxygen and don't use it. |
| Microbes can only use oxygen if they: | can detoxify all the toxins that result as a bi-product of the oxygen. ` |
| Aerobes: | Possess the defense mechanisms against the toxins of oxygen and have adapted to using oxygen |
| Facultative Anaerobes: | Possess the defense mechanisms against the toxins of oxygen, utilize and grow optimally using oxygen, but can also grow without the presence of oxygen. Ex: Yeast, E.Coli |
| Microaerophile Anaerobes: | Does not grow in normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen but REQUIRES smaller amounts of it (1-15%) in metabolism. |
| Where can you find a Microaerophile Anaerobe? | Soil, water, human body --> places that provide small amounts of oxygen but are not directly exposed to the atmospheric amounts of oxygen |
| Anaerobe: | Lacks the metabolic enzyme system for USING oxygen in respiration. |
| Obligate Anaerobe: | Lack enzymes for PROCESSING toxic oxygen, thus they cant tolerate ANY free oxygen and will die if exposed to it. |
| Where can you find obligate anaerobes? | Highly reduced habitats, such as deep muds, lakes, oceans and soil |
| Aerotolerent Anaerobes: | Cannot utilize oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence. |
| Why aren't aerotolerent anaerobes harmed by oxygen? | Because they possess alternate mechanisms for breaking down the toxins of oxygen. |
| Bacteria that thrive in puncture wounds are likely to be: | Obligate anaerobes |
| What are some common sites for anaerobic infection? | Large intestine (relatively oxygen free environment that harbors a rich assortment of strictly anaerobic bacteria), mouth - dental caries ( which are partly due to the actions of the aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in plaque) |
| Bacteria that are autotrophs: | Manufacture their own organic molecules from simple raw materials |
| Difference between a symbiotic and non-symbiotic relationship. | A symbiotic relationship means that the organisms live in a close, nutritional relationship that is required for one or both members. A non-symbiotic relationship is where both members are free living, and the relationship is not necessary for survival. |
| What is the difference between a non-symbiotic and a symbiotic relationship? | A non-symbiotic relationship is where organisms are free-living & the relationship is NOT necessary for survival. A symbiotic relationship is where organisms are in a close, nutritional relationship that is required for one or both members to survive. |
| What is a relationship called where one member recieves benefits while the other (co-inhabitant) is neither harmed not benefited. | Commensalism |
| A microbe breaks down a substance that would be toxic or inhibitory to another microbe. What kind of relationship is this? | Commensalism - one member is benefited |
| A microbe provides nutritional or protective factors needed by the other. What kind of relationship is this? | Commensalism - classic commensal reaction between microbes that is called SATELLITISM |
| What is mutualism? | A symbiotic relationship that is obligatory but mutually beneficial. Rather common in nature bc of the survival value it has for the members involved. |
| What kind of relationship is this: Termites harbor protozoans in their intestines, which contain endosymbiotic bacteria. Wood ingested by the termite gets processed by the protozoan and bacterial enzymes, and all three organisms thrive on the nutrients. | Mutualism |
| What is parasitism? | The host organism provides the parasitic microbe with nutrients and a habitat. Multiplication of the parasite usually harms the host to some extent. |
| When a microbe invades another microbe that begins providing it with nutrition and a habitat, this is called __________ | Parasitism |
| What are the three different types of occuring symbiosis? | 1. Parasitism - one microbe invades a host organism that provides it with nutrients and a habitat. 2. Commensalism - one member, the commen, benefits, while the other member is neither benefited nor harmed 3. Mutualism - obligatory but mutually benefici |
| A bird building a nest in the tree helps the bird but does not help or harm the tree. What type of symbiosis is this? | Commensalism (one benefits while the other is unharmed) |
| Birds getting food from an alligators mouth while cleaning the alligator’s teeth. | Mutualism (both benefit) |
| A tape worm living on the skin of a dog gets food for the worm but harm the dog. | Parasitism (one benefits while the other is harmed) |
| What are biofilms? | Bacterial communities that |
| Photoautotroph: | Requires light for energy source and CO2 for its Carbon source. Example of photoautotroph is Algae |
| What nutritional category of microorganisms plays an important part in recycling inorganic nutrients? | Chemoautotroph |
| Which Carbon/Energy group remove electrons from inorganic substances such as Hydrogen gas (h2) surlfer (S) or Iron (Fe) and combine them with Carbon Dioxode (CO2) and Hydrogen(H)? | Chemoautotroph |
| The more successful of the parasitic microorganisms have what type of effect on their host? | They have no fatal effects on the host and eventually evolve to a less harmful relationship with the host. |
| For most microbes, environmental factors fundamentally affect the function of what? | Metabolic Enzymes |
| What form of oxygen is not toxic to microorganisms? | O2 |
| Which of the following describes anaerobic organisms? | They lack the enzymes that use oxygen in metabolism and they lack the enzymes that process toxic oxygen products |
| Have the enzyme that processes the toxic products of oxygen but not the enzyme that uses oxygen in metabolism. | Aerotolerent Anaerobe |
| Osmophiles | Microorganisms that are sometimes found growing in high solute concentration, such as jellies, syrups, and brines are known as what? |
| What are some of the toxic products that free oxygen produces? | Peroxide and Superoxide |
| What are the two enzymes that are required of aerobic microbes? | Superoxide DISMUTASE (for the superoxide) and Catalase (for newly converted Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2) |
| What exactly do acidity and alkalinity effect in a cell? | The ACTIVITY AND integrity of the enzymes and THE STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS of a cell. |
| Chemoautotrophs can survive on _______ and ______ alone. | CO2 (carbon source) and minerals (energy source) |
| All organisms require: (pick one) - organic nutrients - inorganic nutrients - oxygen gas - growth factors | ALL ORGANISMS REQUIRE INORGANIC NUTRIENTS |
| A pathogen would most accurately be described as a: -symbiont -parasite -commensal -saprobe | Pathogen would be described as a PARASITE: infects the host and host reaps no benefits while supplying the parasitic pathogen a habitat and nutrients |
| What is the first step in Biofilm formation | Free swimming cells find a surface and settle there. |
| Second step in formation of Biofilm | Cells form a sticky matrix that holds them tightly to the substrate. |
| Can biofilms form on plant biotic surfaces? | Yes |
| Can biofilms form on animal biotic surfaces? | Yes |
| Can biofilms form on abiotic surfaces? | Yes |
| Is the initial attachment of cells on the surface permanent? | No its reversible. |
| How does the initial attachment happen? What cell structures are used? | Surface cell structures are used, usually the flagella, fimbrae. |
| What is the sticky matrix in Step 2 made from? What does it do to the reversibility of the attachment? | Exopolymers - make the attachment irreversible. |
| What happens after the sticky matrix binds the cells tightly to the substrate? | Biofilm begins to grow and grow |
| What happens when the biofilm grows to a certain density? | Cells release inducer molecules that can coordinate a response |
| What is the certain density of a biofilm called that, when reached, cells release inducer molecules? | QUORUM |
| What do inducer molecules do? | Coordinate a response within the entire biofilm. They also grow accordingly with the population of cells, and monitor the size of the population. |
| How do the cells in a biofilm monitor the size of their population? | By the inducer molecules. |
| Why is quorum sensing - accumulating enough cells in a biofilm before a gene product is made - important? | Because it ensures that there are enough cells (monitors cell density) for the gene product to be effective and so the gene product concentration isn't too low to be effective |
| If it wasn't for quorum sensing, what could potentially happen? | There wouldn't be enough cells in the biofilm to make sure that the end gene product had a high enough concentration to be effective. |
| What are examples of quorum-dependent proteins? | Enzymes and virulence factors |
| _________ grow accordingly with the population of cells, and monitor the size of the population. | Inducer molecules |
| ________ enter biofilm cells and stimulate specific genes on their chromosomes to begin expression. | Inducer molecules |
| What is the benefit of the inducer molecules beginning expression within the biofilm cells? | Allows biofilms to act as a unit; for example by coordinating the expression of genes that code for proteins, the biofilm can simultaneously produce large quantities of a digestive enzyme or toxin. |
| The name of the way microbes established in biofilms communicate through complex chemical messages? | Quorum Sensing |
| Quorum sensing allows members to: | Coordinate their reactions and favors colonization and survival. |
| What happens to show genetic induction? | One cell enlarges |
| What is a cells generation time? | The time it takes for a binary division to occur where a parent cell splits into two daughter cells. |
| In bacteria, each generation time increases the population by a factor of: | 2 (each generation DOUBLES the population) after 4 generations there will be: 2^4 cells total. |
| The length of a generation time is a measure of the growth rate of an organism. | The length of a generation time is a measure of the growth rate of an organism. |
| How many cells will there be after 8 generations? | 2^(8) = 256 |
| The number of the exponent is the: | Number of the generation |
| The growth pattern of bacteria is called: | Exponential |
| What is the formula for calculating the number of generations? | n = (log Nt) - (log No) / log 2 |
| What are the three (3) variables when calculating the number of generations? | n = # of generations Nt = total # of cells No = original # of cells (how many we started out with) |
| What does the calculation of (g) mean? | g = generation TIME g = T/n g = (time) / # of generations |
| What does the calculation of (R) mean? | R = rate of division R = n/T R = # of divisions / time divisions per hour |
| What is (g) calculating and what should it be labeled as? | g is calculating the generation time, or time that it takes for one generation to occur. Should be labeled in HOURS |
| (g) should be labeled in: | hours |
| What are the 4 stages of microbial growth? | Lag Phase, Log (exponential) phase, Stationary Phase and Death Phase |
| Lag Phase | flat period in graph where population is growing very slowly. |
| What are some contributing factors to the Lag Phase? | 1. Newly inoculated cells need an adjustment period, enlargementm and synthesis of DNA, enzymes and ribosomes 2. cells are not yet multiplying at their max rate 3. population of cells is so sparse/dilute that sampling misses them |
| What are cells doing in the Lag phase? Are they active metabolically? | They are enlarging and preparing to divide. They are metabolically active. |
| Log (exponential) Phase | Cells reach their maximum rate of cell division. Curve increases geometrically. |
| Log Phase will continue for how long? | As long as cells have adequate nutrients and there are favorable conditions |
| The purpose of the occular lens is to magnify the image from the.... | objective lens |
| Characteristics of Gram Positive walls: | Contain Teichoic Acid Thick peptidoglycan layer |
| What uses glucose as their carbon and energy source? | chemoheterotroph |
| Common organic molecules that satisfy the organic molecule requirement for heterotrophs | proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids monosaccharides and amino acids are already simple enough for absorbtion. |
| How do chemoheterotrophs make their energy? | by processing organic materials by respiration or fermentation, which releases energy that is stored as ATP. |
| Stationary Phase | Population enters survival mode where 50% cells stop growing and grow slower. |
| Why does the curve level off in the Stationary Phase | Because the rate of cell death / cell inhibition balances out the rate of cell multiplication. |
| What are some contributing factors of the Stationary Phase? | Depletion of nutrients Depletion of oxygen Increased cell density --> causes accumulation of organic acids and toxic biochemicals |
| Death Phase - metabolically active or inactive? | Limiting factors intensify, and death rate of cells begins to grow exponentially Most cells are unable to multiply - NOT metabolically active |
| The speed of the Death Phase: -how fast? -deciding factors? | -usually slower than the Exponential Growth phase -how toxic the conditions are -how resistant the species is |
| Microbes in what phase (exponential or stationary) are most vulnerable to antimicrobial agents such as heat/disinfectants | Exponential growth phase |
| Actively growing cells are more vulnerable to conditions that disrupt cell metabolism and binary fission (T/F) | True |
| Antimicrobials (heat and disinfectants) rapidly accelarate the death phase in all populations, but microbes in the ________ phase are more vulernable to these agents. | Exponential |
| A person shedding bacteria in the ______ and _____ stages of the infection are more likely to spread it to others than a person in the _____ stages. | In the early and middle stages more likely to be contageous than person with infection in the late stages |
| Does a culture in the stationary phase have enough nutrients to continue multiplying? | NO |
| Why is it unwise to incubate cultures that are beyond the stationary phase? | It REDUCES THE NUUMBER of living/viable cells Can kill the entire population |
| Why do we want to do stains (with the exeption of the spore stain) and motility tests on young cultures? | Because they will show us their NATURAL SIZE and CORRECT REACTION, and motile cell will have functioning flagella. |
| why is gelatin not a suitable solidifying agent? | liqifies at temperatures above 28 degrees C and some microorganisms produce extracellular protease that degrades gelatin |
| Direct Cell Counts | Do NOT differentiate between living and dead cells |
| One of the most rapid methods of determining the number of cells in a suspension is | Direct Microscopic Count |
| Number of cells measured using glass slides and counting chambers | Direct Cell Count |
| Disadvantages of Direct Cell Counts | Motility is hard to measure Doesnt differentiate between living and dead cells Requires high concentration of cells to count |
| Advantage of direct microscope count | No incubation time is required; can do it if your pressed for times |
| What could be good for evaluating the relative amounts of cell growth? | Turbidity |
| Spectrophotometry | Used to measure turbidity; used to ESTIMATE the number of cells, not give accurate number - cant make a distinction between live and dead cells |
| What would you do to measure the number of LIVE cells you have? | Colony Plate Count - known number of cells on agar |
| Plate Count | Only way to measure viable/live cells - TAKES TIME Each colony represents a cell from the sample population |
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