PSU Psychology 100 Exam 2 (Crosby)
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute Threshold | Least Energy for correct stimulus to detect 50% of the Time.
🗑
|
||||
| Just Noticeable Difference | Smallest difference between two thing can be detected 50% of the time
-difference in two weight
🗑
|
||||
| Top-down Processing | experience/expectations
-listening to your favorite song bc you know how you'll feel
-past experiences
-Perception
🗑
|
||||
| Bottom-up Processing | Making new sense of new material
-hearing a new song for the first time
🗑
|
||||
| Perception | Method which by sensations are interpreted and organized
-two types: Top-Down and Bottom-Up
🗑
|
||||
| Sensation | Activation of receptors in various sense organs- allowing outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain
🗑
|
||||
| Habituation Adaptation | tendency for brain to stop realizing constant unchanging stimuli
-Ex; fans, clock ticking, sounds that will fade
🗑
|
||||
| Sensory Adaptation | sensory receptors less responsive to constant stimuli
-Ex;being cold in a pool goes away after a little while
-getting used to smell of cigarette smoke after being in room
-touch/taste/smell
🗑
|
||||
| Order That Light Travels in Eye | Cornea
Iris
Pupil
Lens
Retina
(CIP LR)
🗑
|
||||
| Cornea | 1st stop of light
focus's on light coming in
🗑
|
||||
| Iris | muscle that controls size of pupil
🗑
|
||||
| Pupil | When light enters interior of the eye
🗑
|
||||
| Lens | helps to focus light to the retina
🗑
|
||||
| Visual Accommodation | When the lens change shape to focus in on something
🗑
|
||||
| Retina | -Contains photo receptor cells
-light gets covered to electrical impulses
-3 Layers
🗑
|
||||
| 3 Layers of the Retina | 1) Light passes through ganglion and bipolar cells
2)reaches and stimulates rods and cones
3)Nerve impulses from rods and cones travel alone a nerve pathway to the brain
🗑
|
||||
| How does light become a Impulse | Light
Sensory Impulse
Visual Cortex in occipital lobe
then decisions are made
🗑
|
||||
| Dark Adaption | recovery of the eyes sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after exposure to light
(Light to Dark)
-Involved with Rods
🗑
|
||||
| Light Adaptation | recovery of the eyes sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness
(Dark to Light)
-happens really quickly within a matter of seconds
-Involved with Cones
🗑
|
||||
| After image | visual sensations that persist after initial stimulus has been removed
🗑
|
||||
| Thrichromatic Theory | Three colors- blue green red
firing rates of cones and color
based on how much of each of the colored cones are activated
🗑
|
||||
| Opponent Process Theory | Four colors- yellow blue green red
red&green
blue&yellow
-more accepted today
🗑
|
||||
| Color Blindness | -caused by defective cones in the retina of the eye
🗑
|
||||
| Monochrome Blindness | -can only see black and white
-very rare
🗑
|
||||
| Protanopia | most common
red/green color blindness
lack of functioning red cones
🗑
|
||||
| Tritanopia | blue/yellow blindness
lack of functioning blue cones
🗑
|
||||
| Why do more males suffer from color blindness? | -recessive trait is in X sex chromosome
-females need two but males only need one
🗑
|
||||
| Touch | severe sensation originating in several different parts in the body
** happens in parental lobe ***
🗑
|
||||
| Kinesthetic Sense | -location of body parts in relation to each other
🗑
|
||||
| Vestibular Senses | movement/body position/balance
🗑
|
||||
| Motion Sickness | Same disagreement with what our body feels and what our eyes see
🗑
|
||||
| The Basics of Perception | how we organize and make sense of things
🗑
|
||||
| Perceptual Constancy | Tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions
🗑
|
||||
| Gestalt Principles | Figure Ground, proximity, Similarity, Closure, Continuity, Contiguity, Common Area
🗑
|
||||
| Depth Perception | ability to perceive world in 3 dimensions
🗑
|
||||
| Molecular cues | cues for perceiving depth based on one eye
🗑
|
||||
| Binocular Cues | cues for perceiving depth based on two eyes
🗑
|
||||
| Convergence | rotation of eyes to focus on one single subject
🗑
|
||||
| Binocular disparity | eyes don't see same image bc of the distance they are from echother
🗑
|
||||
| Illusions | Perception that does not respond to reality
🗑
|
||||
| Learning | a relatively permament change in behavior or thought due to an experience and practice
🗑
|
||||
| Pavlov's Classical Conditioning | Learning to make involuntary response to a stimulus normal- Pavlov's Dogs
🗑
|
||||
| Basic Principles in Classical Conditioning | -conditioned stimulus must come before unconditioned (Bell Before food)
-has to occur in a timely manner
-must be repeated to be learned
-new conditioned stimulus must be unique
🗑
|
||||
| Stimulus Generation | Tendency to respond with conditioned response to something that is only similar so the stimulus
(Dogs salvating to a similar tone)
🗑
|
||||
| Stimulus Discrimination | Tendency to stop making this generalized response because the similar stimulus is NEVER paired with the real conditioned stimuli
🗑
|
||||
| High-Order Conditioning | occurs when a strong stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus
🗑
|
||||
| Conditional Emotional Responses | emotional response that has become classically conditioned by stimuli
-advertisement of things that make you happy so you are happy when u watch it
🗑
|
||||
| Vicarious Conditioning | watching something happen but creating a conditioned response from it even though it isn't happening to you
-Seeing kids crying getting a shot and you start crying before you get your shot
🗑
|
||||
| Conditioned Taste Aversion | development of nausea in response to a specific taste since the taste was one followed by a bad experience
-(Oreo Fudge)
🗑
|
||||
| Biological Preparedness | Tendency of animals to learn certain associates with only one or a few pairings due to the survival value of learning
🗑
|
||||
| Pavlov beleived classical conditioning worked because.. | stimulus substitution
🗑
|
||||
| Rods | Greys, blacks, whites, dim vision
-Dark Adaptation
🗑
|
||||
| Expectancy | When a dog heres a bell..... It expects food..... so dog salivates
🗑
|
||||
| Operant Conditioning | Voluntary behavior learned through consequences
🗑
|
||||
| Thorndikes Law of Effect | response followed by pleasurable consequences are repeated
🗑
|
||||
| BF Skinner | Operant Conditioning
studied observable measurable behavior
learning depends on the consequences
🗑
|
||||
| Reinforcement | ANY consequence that make a response more likely is called reinforcement
-causes INCREASE in behavior
🗑
|
||||
| Positive Reinforcement | ADDing or giving for a good thing
(giving money if you get good grades)
🗑
|
||||
| Negative Reinforcement | Taking away for a good thing
(taking away chores if you get a good grade)
🗑
|
||||
| Partial Reinforcement | reinforcement after some but not all correct responses
-stronger response
🗑
|
||||
| Continuous Reinforcement | constant reinforcement after every good behavior is preformed
-good for learning new responses
🗑
|
||||
| Partial Reinforcement Ratio | how many times you respond
🗑
|
||||
| Partial Reinforcement Interval | how much time in-between responses
🗑
|
||||
| Fixed Ratio Reinforcement | same response--> same reinforcement
for every 5 toys made, 20$ recieved
🗑
|
||||
| Variable Ratio Reinforcement | # of responses until reinforcements varies
participant rapid rate without pauses
(SLOT MACHINES- you don't know when they will pay out)
🗑
|
||||
| Fixed Interval | Always same time before reinforcement opportunity
-long pauses after reinforcement
🗑
|
||||
| Variable Interval | Reinforcement possibilities after varying amounts of time
-slower steady rates w/ out pauses
(Fishing)
🗑
|
||||
| Punishment | Any consequence that make a response less likely to occur
🗑
|
||||
| Positive Punishment | Adding unpleasant stimulus
(Adding Chores, Spanking, Speeding Ticket)
🗑
|
||||
| Negative Punishment | -taking away pleasant stimulus
(Taking away phone, car keys, or things you like)
🗑
|
||||
| Punishment Problems/Drawbacks | -Fear/Anxiety
-Lying
-Avoidance
-Modeling of Aggression
🗑
|
||||
| Shaping | reinforcement of simple steps, leading to a desired, more complex behavior
🗑
|
||||
| Discrimination | understanding why punishment is different in things
🗑
|
||||
| Generalization | Apply things that work in one thing to other things
🗑
|
||||
| Cognitive Learning Theory | early days of learning- focused on behavior
1950's and 1960's- increase mental events
🗑
|
||||
| Tolmans Latent Learning | Learning that is hidden until its application becomes reinforced
-tolmans rats :latent learning
-difference groups with different reinforcement so different outcomes
🗑
|
||||
| Insight Learning | -Kohler
-Sudeen perception of relationship among various parts of the problem allowing solution of problem to come quickly
-worked with chimpanzees
🗑
|
||||
| Learned Helplessness | Tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of repeated failures
🗑
|
||||
| Restorative Theory | Make us feel good and better
🗑
|
||||
| Memory Consolidation | figures out what we retain while we sleep
🗑
|
||||
| Dreams | Provide access to the unconscious. Include manifest and latent content.
-Happens during REM sleep
🗑
|
||||
| Manifest Content | The actual content of the dream
🗑
|
||||
| Latent Content | The hidden meaning of the dream
🗑
|
||||
| Narcolepsy | person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning
🗑
|
||||
| Insomnia | Inability to fall asleep, stay asleep, or get good quality sleep
🗑
|
||||
| Nightmares | Bad dreams arousing feelings of horror, helplessness, extreme sorrow, etc. (occurs during REM sleep-Second Half of The Night)
🗑
|
||||
| REM Behavior Disorder | Mechanism that typically blocks the movement of voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and get up and act out nightmares
🗑
|
||||
| Sleep Apnea | Person stops breathing for short periods of sleep
🗑
|
||||
| REM SLEEP | Eyes move under eyelids, increase in body functions, 90% of dreaming, REM paralysis
🗑
|
||||
| REM sleep | Eyes move under eyelids, increase in body functions, 90% of dreaming, REM paralysis
🗑
|
||||
| Stage 1 Rem Sleep | Light sleep, hypnic jerk, hypnagogic images
🗑
|
||||
| Stage 2 Rem Sleep | Temperature, breathing, and heart rate decrease, sleep spindles
🗑
|
||||
| Stage 3 Rem Sleep | Growth hormones released, hard to wake up
🗑
|
||||
| Night Terrors | Attacks of extreme fear that the victim has while sound asleep. (Non-REM- First third of the night)
🗑
|
||||
| Sleep Walking | Occurs during deep sleep (stage 3). Moving around or walking in ones sleep @
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
hlm5426
Popular Psychology sets