Intro to Sensation and Perception: Vision
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| Sensation | process in which we detect physical energy from the environment and then encode it as neural signals (sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment)
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| Perception | process of organizing and interpreting our sensations (sensory info), enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
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| Bottom-up processing | begins with sensory receptors and works up to brains integration of sensory info
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| Top-down processing | info processing guided by higher level mental processes (when we draw perception from our experience or expectations)
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| Psychophysics | study of relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological explanation to them.
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| Absolute threshold | the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular light, sound, pressure, taste or odor 50% of the time
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| Subliminal | below the absolute threshold for conscious awareness
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| Prime | the often unconscious activation of certain associations, predisposing ones perception, memory or response.
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| Difference Threshold | the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time (Just Noticeable Difference)
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| Webers Law | for stimuli to be perceived as different, they must differ by a constant percent rather than amount
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| Sensory Adaption | diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
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| Wavelength | distance from one wave peak to the next
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| Hue | dimensions of color determined by wave length
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| Intensity | amount of energy in light waves- determines brightness, determined by wave height
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| Retina | the light sensitive inner surface of the eye. Contains receptor rods and cones
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| Accommodation | the process of eyes lenses changes shape o focus near or far objects in the retina
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| Rods | retinal receptors that detect black, white and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision
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| Cones | retinal receptors that are in the center of the retina and function in daylight or well lit conditions that detect fine detail and color
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| Optic Nerve | nerve that carries neural impulses from eye to brain
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| Blind Spot | the pint that optic nerve leaves the eye, creating blind spot with no receptors
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| Fovea | Central focal point in the retina, around which eyes cones cluster
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| Feature Detectors | nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of stimulus (movement, shape, angle.) ie. Frog and fly
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| Parallel Processing | processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously, the brains neural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision
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| Young-Helmhotz trichromatic theory | States that the retina has 3 types of color receptors, each especially sensitive to red, green or blue
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| Opponent process theory | theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, black-white) enable color vision.
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