The Control of Microbial Growth
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
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| What is the removal or destruction of all living microorganisms (including endospores)? | show 🗑
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| show | Sterilant
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| What is a limited heat treatment, enough to kill Clostridium botulinum endospores? | show 🗑
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| What is the process of removing vegetative pathogens (disease-causing microbes) on inanimate objects? | show 🗑
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| What process destroys vegetative growth, not endospores? | show 🗑
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| What is the disinfection of living tissue? | show 🗑
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| show | Antiseptic
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| show | Degerming
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| show | Sanitization
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| What is a substance that kills microbes (usually with certain exceptions, such as endospores)? | show 🗑
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| show | Bacteriostasis
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| What word comes from the Greek word for decay or putrid, and indicates bacterial contamination, such as in septic tanks, for sewage treatment? | show 🗑
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| What is the absence of significant contamination? | show 🗑
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| show | ·The number of microbes (starting with more = longer to kill)
·Environmental influences (organic matter, temperature, biofilms, pH)
· Time of exposure
·Microbial characteristics
·Concentration of disinfectant (for chemical disinfectants)
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| show | ·Alteration of membrane permeability
·Damage to proteins
·Damage to nucleic acids
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| show | ·Heat (Moist and dry heat sterilization)
·Filtration
·Low temperatures (Refrigeration, freezing)
·High pressure
·Desiccation
·Osmotic pressure
·Radiation
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| What is one of the most common methods of food preservation and sterilization of equipment and kills microbes by denaturing their enzymes and other components of cells? | show 🗑
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| show | Thermal death point (TPD)
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| What is the minimal length of time for all bacteria in a particular liquid culture to be killed at a given temperature? | show 🗑
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| show | Decimal reduction time (DRT)
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| What heat sterilization kills microorganisms primarily by coagulating proteins (denaturation), which is caused by breakage of hydrogen bonds that holds the proteins in their three-dimensional structure? | show 🗑
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| show | Boiling, autoclaving, and pasteurization
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| show | 10 minutes
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| Some hepatitis viruses can survive __ minutes of boiling | show 🗑
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| show | 20 hours
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| What machine uses steam under pressure to kill harmful bacteria? | show 🗑
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| show | Higher
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| show | Autoclave
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| What is an autoclave used to sterilize? | show 🗑
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| Autoclaves kill even most endospores within 15 minutes at a steam pressure of __ psi (121°C) | show 🗑
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| The intent of ________ of milk was to eliminate pathogenic microbes. This process reduces spoilage organisms and pathogens | show 🗑
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| show | Thermoduric organisms
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| What milk pasteurization uses temperatures of at least 72°C for 15 seconds and is applied as the milk flows continuously past a heat exchanger? | show 🗑
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| show | Equivalent treatments
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| What type of sterilization kills by oxidation effects? | show 🗑
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| What is one of the simplest methods of dry heat sterilization used to sterilize inoculating loops? | show 🗑
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| What is an effective way to sterilize and dispose of contaminated paper cups, bags, and dressings? | show 🗑
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| show | Hot-air sterilization
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| What is the passage of a liquid or gas through a screenlike material with pores small enough to retain microorganisms? | show 🗑
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| What type of filters remove almost all microorganisms larger than about 0.3 um in diameter? | show 🗑
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| What means that the agent prevents the growth of bacteria? | show 🗑
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| High pressure denatures ______ | show 🗑
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| In the absence of water, known as _______, microorganisms cannot grow or reproduce but can remain for years | show 🗑
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| show | Dessication
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| show | Gamma rays, X rays, and high-energy electron beams
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| show | Ionizing radiation
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| show | Gamma rays
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| show | X rays
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| show | High-energy electron beams
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| What ionizes water to release OH+? | show 🗑
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| show | Ionizing radiation
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| What is used to sterilize disposable dental and medical supplies, processing certain meats and vegetables, etc.? | show 🗑
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| What has a wavelength longer than that of ionizing radiation, usually greater than about 1 nm | show 🗑
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| show | Nonionizing radiation
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| __ light damages the DNA of exposed cells by causing bonds to form between adjacent pyrimidine bases, usually thymines, in DNA chains? | show 🗑
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| What is used to disinfect the air, vaccines, etc.? | show 🗑
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| show | It is not very penetrant
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| What machines kill most pathogens by heat but are not especially antimicrobial? | show 🗑
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| Acts rapidly (all), wide range, able to penetrate contaminated material, water-soluble or readily forms an emulsion, not hampered by organic matter in the thing being disinfected, stable over time, even unfavorable environmental conditions, not corrosive | show 🗑
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| No single disinfectant appropriate for all circumstances, few chemical agents achieve sterility.Most reduce numbers to safe levels, Disinfection is a gradual process, death curves, Antimicrobials are not useful for ingestion, various factors influence | show 🗑
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| What are some factors that influence the effectiveness of chemical disinfection? | show 🗑
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| show | Use-dilution test
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| show | Disk-diffusion method
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| show | Effective microbial inhibition
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| show | Phenol
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| show | Phenolics
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| One of the most frequently used phenolics is derived from coal tar, a group of chemicals called ______ | show 🗑
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| Lysol's active ingredient is often ___________ (a very important cresol) | show 🗑
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| Derivatives of phenol that contain two phenolic groups connected by a bridge | show 🗑
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| show | Triclosan
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| show | Iodine and chlorine
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| What antiseptic alters protein synthesis and membranes by forming complexes with amino acids and unsaturated fats? It is also effective against all kinds of bacteria, many endospores, various fungi, and some viruses | show 🗑
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| show | Betadine
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| show | Povidone
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| show | Chlorine
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| What antiseptic is a strong oxidizing agent that prevents much of the cellular enzyme system from functioning? | show 🗑
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| show | Hypochlorous acid (HOCl)
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| show | Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
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| show | Chloramines
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| show | Alcohols
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| What is an advantage of alcohol use? | show 🗑
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| What are two of the most commonly used alcohols? | show 🗑
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| show | 70%
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| Why is pure ethanol less effective than aqueous solutions (ethanol mixed with water)? | show 🗑
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| show | Germ-X and Purell
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| show | Quaternary ammonium
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| show | Zephiran ( a brand name of benzlkonium chloride)
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| What are surface-active agents such as quaternary ammonium (detergents), alcohols, and some antibiotics targets to? | show 🗑
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| How are alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents), and some antibiotics damaging to the plasma membrane? | show 🗑
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| Surface-active agents, or surfacants, can decrease surface ______ among molecules of a liquid | show 🗑
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| T or F: Water is cohesive | show 🗑
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| Soaps and detergents are examples of _______ | show 🗑
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| show | Soap
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| show | Sodium stearate
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| show | Emulsifaction
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| What are soaps typically made of? | show 🗑
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| What are the two chemical food preservatives? | show 🗑
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| What chemical food preservatives inhibit metabolism or plasma membrane integrity? | show 🗑
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| show | Mold
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| show | Organic acids
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| What chemical food preservative prevents botulism endospore growth? | show 🗑
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| show | Nitrites
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| Nitrite selectively inhibits certain iron-containing enzymes of _______ ______ | show 🗑
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| What are a group of oxidizing agents that include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), benzoyl peroxide (often in over-the-counter acne treatments, and ozone (O3)? | show 🗑
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