SOCIAL PSYCH EXAM 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| show | After seeing facts, assuming that you could have guessed that was going to happen. Ex. "Of course they were going to win the election!" or "Of course Bruce Willis was a ghost!" Opposite results may seem obvious as well.
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| Empirical | show 🗑
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| show | Structured, methodical, differentiates psychology from casual observation with no structure.
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| Theories | show 🗑
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| show | A prediction stated in a way that allows it to be TESTED.
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| Purpose of Theories | show 🗑
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| show | learning (classical=association, operant=reinforcement, social=imitation), cognitive (perception), motivational (cognitive consistency), equity and change (cost v. benefits), biological.
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| Correlational Method | show 🗑
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| show | A is not causing B or vice versa, C is causing both A and B.
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| Experimental Method | show 🗑
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| show | When an independent variable has an effect on the dependent variable.
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| Interaction | show 🗑
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| show | Extent to which the independent variable manipulates what it's supposed to and the effects on the dependent variable are due to this (a good experimental design)
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| show | Measures to check if manipulations were successful.
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| Confounding Variable | show 🗑
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| Demand Characteristics | show 🗑
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| show | Anonymity, informed consent, debriefing.
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| show | Not all studies replicate well due to many factors, need to use stronger theories and studies, better methods, and stronger stats to ensure results and methods match
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| show | How people interpret, analyze, remember, and use info about themselves and the social world.
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| show | How people analyze, interpret, remember, and use info about self and social world, using as little mental energy as possible.
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| Schemas | show 🗑
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| show | attention (what is noticed; looking past a friend in public), encoding (what is stored in memory; asking a ? & not remembering response), retrieval (what is recovered from memory)
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| Schema Advantages | show 🗑
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| show | fills in gaps with what "should" be, distorting how we see the world, applying them when they don't fit. People are unwilling to change them!
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| Self-Fulfilling Prophecy | show 🗑
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| show | 2 systems: prefrontal cortex is laborious and deep thinking while amygdala is related to emotion and is quick and simple thinking
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| show | Effortful and conscious thinking, tends to be avoided. Use the other type to conserve our mental energy.
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| Automatic Processing | show 🗑
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| show | The activation of schemas (scared after a horror movie, compaing a new friend after talking to an old one)
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| Heuristics | show 🗑
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| show | Making a decision based on an example, info, or recent experience that's readily available even if not best for decision. ex. plane crashes make people afraid to fly even though car crash more likely
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| Representativeness Heuristic | show 🗑
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| Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic | show 🗑
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| False Consensus | show 🗑
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| show | Overestimate how unique we are (abilities, positive behaviors)
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| Gambler's Fallacy | show 🗑
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| show | Based on irrational assumptions. ex. Thinking one's thoughts can influence the physical world.
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| show | Tendency to imagine other outcomes that did NOT occur, thoughts may require cog effort to dismiss, can experience benefits (hopeful) and costs (regrets/ I wish I did that instead)
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| show | Greater sensitivity to negative info than positive (faster/more accurate at identifying threatening facial expressions) may be evolutionary to protect us from harm.
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| show | Most change in bias when told to "consider the other side" rather than being told to "be unbiased".
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| Izard's Combination | show 🗑
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| Mood Congruence Effects | show 🗑
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| Mood Dependent Memory | show 🗑
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| Affective Forecasting | show 🗑
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| show | verbal=spoken word, nonverbal=multiple channels used (eye contact indicates positive feelings, body language reveals emotional states, cultural emblems, touching suggests affection, sexual interest, dominance, caring, aggression)
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| Non-verbal - Facial Expressions | show 🗑
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| show | emblems, illustrators, adapters. (emblems: thumbs up means doing good, middle finger means what it means; often culture/situation dependent) (illustrators are talking with hands, think Italian or pointing while giving direction)
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| show | Evaluation - global positive or negative (is immediate first impression positive or negative). Cognitive weighted average - direct information, primacy effect, negative info (general negativity bias), schemas - how do they impact impression formation?
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| show | Cont Model of Impression Form (Have to have motivation to make a deep impression (based on power difference, attraction), cat/beh mismatch(xpect a certain behavior & get opposite, will want to make a deeper impression),Thin Slicing
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| show | Explanations of why people are behaving in a particular way
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| Internal Attributions | show 🗑
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| External Attributions | show 🗑
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| show | Aspects of behavior that inform internal dispositions (freely chosen behavior, (not) socially desirable, (inconsistent) social roles, unique effects). If person happy on game show not free chosen, is desirable, consistent SR, no unique effects so external
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| Covariation (Cube) Model | show 🗑
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| Internal Attribution Cube Model | show 🗑
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| show | High consistency, high consensus, high distinctiveness
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| show | Low consistency, special attribution unique to that time and place. IF CONSISTENCY LOW, ALMOST ALWAYS THIS TYPE!
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| Belief Perserverance | show 🗑
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| Actor-observer difference | show 🗑
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| Self-serving bias | show 🗑
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| show | overemphasize internal attributions i.e. “they cut me off because they are a jerk” and do not think that there could be other reasons such as a medical emergency
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| Gilbert’s Stages of Attributions | show 🗑
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| show | Person who is salient/easiest to see is seen as more influential
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| show | Stage 1: Physio Arousal palms sweat, <3 racing), Stage 2: Look to situation to explain arousal (may give cues about what emotion is appropriate) EX. “heartbeat” study where men viewed pictures of nude women and told they were hearing own <3 beat (changed)
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| Self-Concept | show 🗑
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| Independent self-concept | show 🗑
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| Interdependent self-concept | show 🗑
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| show | Aspirational view of self (upward social comparisons, I want to be like them) or Positivity (downward social comparisons, to feel better about self). Ideal self=want to be, ought self=should be, actual self=reality
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| show | How the self-concept is organized. High complexity entails having aspects of self distinct (one domain has smaller impact on overall feelings about self) whereas low complexity entails having aspects of self overlap e/o (putting all eggs in one basket)
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| show | Intrinsic motivation is about the self and inward motivation whereas extrinsic motivation is outside motivations and pressures (money)
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| Self-Esteem | show 🗑
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| show | High performs better on computer game speed with no ego threat whereas low performs better when there is an ego threat.
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| show | “Muscle” Model (exerting requires effort, limited/depletable resources, ego depletion (state of depleted self-control, more difficult to exert this a second time), wise to be strategic about using this)
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| Self-Control | show 🗑
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| Ego Depletion | show 🗑
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| show | Self-evaluation maintenance, what happens when someone close to us outperforms us? Depends on how close we are to the person, relative performance between us, and how relevant the subject they did better on is to us.
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| Self Presentation | show 🗑
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| Self Other Comparisons | show 🗑
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| Self-handicapping | show 🗑
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Created by:
paytonjanayyoung
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