CARBOHYDRATES (PPT)
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| carbohydrate | is a polyhydroxy aldehyde, a polyhydroxy ketone, or a compound that yields polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones upon hydrolysis.
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| carbohydrate glucose | is a polyhydroxy aldehyde
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| carbohydrate fructose | is a polyhydroxy ketone
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| Monosaccharides | classified as aldose or ketose on the basis of the type of carbonyl present
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| Disaccharides | are glycosides formed from the linkage of two monosaccharides
It is crystalline and water soluble.
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| Oligosaccharides | are carbohydrates that contain three to ten monosaccharide units
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| Polysaccharides | are polymers in which monosaccharides are the monomers
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| Superimposable mirror images | are images that coincide at all points when the images are laid upon each other
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| Nonsuperimposable mirror images | are images where not all points coincide when the images are laid upon each other.
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| chiral center | is an atom in a molecule that has four different groups bonded to it in a tetrahedral orientation
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| chiral | A molecule that contains a chiral center is said to be
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| chiral molecule | is a molecule whose mirror images are not superimposable
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| Stereoisomerism | connected in the same way but are arranged differently in space.
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| Enantiomers | have structures that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other
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| Diastereomers | have structures that are not mirror images of each other
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| Fischer projection formula | is a two-dimensional structural notation for showing the spatial arrangement of groups about chiral centers in molecules.
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| chiral center (Carbon) | In a Fischer projection formula a _________________ is represented as the intersection of vertical and horizontal lines
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| D and L system | used to designate the handedness of glyceraldehyde enantiomers.
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| aldohexose | A six-carbon monosaccharide with an aldehyde functional group is an
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| ketopentose | a five-carbon monosaccharide with a ketone functional group is a
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| D-glucose | is the most abundant in nature and the most important from a human nutritional standpoint.
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| D-Fructose | is biochemically the most important ketohexose. It is also known as levulose and fruit sugar.
Tastes sweet, nutritious, and is an important component of human diet. (diabetes)
(grape sugar)
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| D-Galactose | Milk sugar
Synthesize in human
Used to differentiate between blood types
Six membered cyclic form
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| D-Ribose | 1. Part of RNA
2. Part of ATP
3. Part of DNA
4. Five membered cyclic form
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| Alpha-form | -OH of C1 and CH2OH of C5 are on opposite sides
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| Beta-form | -OH of C1 and CH2OH of C5 are on same sides
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| pyranose | A cyclic monosaccharide containing a six-atom ring is called a
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| furanose | one containing a five-atom ring is called
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| Haworth projection formula | is a two-dimensional structural notation that specifies the three-dimensional structure of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide.
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| Beta configuration | both of these groups point in the same direction
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| Alpha configuration | the two groups point in opposite directions
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| OH groups in the Haworth projection formula. | The specific identity of a monosaccharide is determined by the positioning of the other _____________________________.
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| Five important reactions of monosaccharides | Oxidation to acidic sugars
Reduction to sugar alcohols
Glycoside formation
Phosphate ester formation
Amino sugar formation
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| Oxidation | can yield three different types of acidic sugars depending on the type of oxidizing agent used:
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| Oxidation to acidic sugars | The redox chemistry of monosaccharides is closely linked to the alcohol and aldehyde functional groups present in them.
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| Reduction to sugar alcohols | The carbonyl group in a monosaccharide (either an aldose or a ketose) is reduced to a hydroxyl group using hydrogen as the reducing agent.
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| glycoside | general name for monosaccharide acetals is
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| glycoside | is an acetal formed from a cyclic monosaccharide by replacement of the hemiacetal carbon -OH group with an -OR group
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| D-galactose and its derivatives. | The monosaccharides responsible for blood groups are
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| Phosphate ester formation | The hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide can react with inorganic oxyacids to form inorganic esters.
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| Phosphate esters of various monosaccharides are | stable in aqueous solution and play important roles in the metabolism of carbohydrates.
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| Amino sugar formation | one of the hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide is replaced with an amino group
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| important building blocks of polysaccharides | Amino sugars and their N-acetyl derivatives are
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| disaccharide | Two monosaccharides can react to form
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| glycosidic linkage | The bond that links the two monosaccharides of a disaccharide (glycoside) together is called
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| Cellobiose | is produced as an intermediate in the hydrolysis of the polysaccharide cellulose
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| Cellobiose contains | two b - D-glucose monosaccharide units linked through a b (1—4) glycosidic linkage
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| Maltose | is produced whenever the polysaccharide starch breaks down, as happens in plants when seeds germinate and in human beings during starch digestion.
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| maltose is made up of | two D-glucose units, one of which must be a-D-glucose.
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| Lactose is made up of | b-D-galactose unit and a b-D-glucose unit joined by a b(1-4) glycosidic linkage.
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| Lactose | is the major sugar found in milk
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| Lactose intolerance | condition in which people lack the enzyme lactase needed to hydrolyze lactose to galactose and glucose.
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| Lactase | hydrolyzes b(1-4) glycosidic linkages.
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| Deficiency of lactase | can be caused by a genetic defect, physiological decline with age, or by injuries to intestinal mucosa.
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| Sucrose | table sugar
nonreducing sugar.ets.
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| table sugar | The most abundant of all disaccharides and found in plants.
It is produced commercially from the juice of sugar cane and sugar beets
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| polysaccharide | is a polymer that contains many monosaccharide units bonded to each other by glycosidic linkages.
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| homopolysaccharide | is a polysaccharide in which only one type of monosaccharide monomer is present.
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| heteropolysaccharide | is a polysaccharide in which more than one (usually two) type of monosaccharide monomer is present.
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| Starch | is a homopolysaccharide containing only glucose monosaccharide units
- It is the energy-storage polysaccharide in plants
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| Amylopectin | the other polysaccharide in starch, has a high degree of branching in its polyglucose structure
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| Glycogen | like starch, is a polysaccharide containing only glucose units.
-Liver cells and muscle cells are the storage sites for humans
- ideal storage form for glucose
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| Cellulose | Humans and animals don’t have enzymes that hydrolyze so humans can not digest because they have bacteria in their guts to hydrolyze ______________________.
- It serves as dietary fiber in food readily absorbs water and results in softer stools.
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| Chitin | Similar to cellulose in both function and structure
it has a N-acetyl amino derivative of glucose
to give rigidity to the exoskeleton s of crabs, lobsters, shrimp, insects, and other arthropods.
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| Acidic polysaccharides | polysaccharides with a repeating disaccharide unit containing an amino sugar and a sugar with a negative charge due to a sulfate or a carboxyl group
Hyaluronic acid
Heparin
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| Hyaluronic acid | Alternating residues of N-acetyl-b-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid.
Highly viscous - serve as lubricants in the fluid of joints and part vitreous humor of the eye
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| Heparin | An anticoagulant-prevents blood clots.
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| glycolipid | is a lipid molecule that has one or more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate derivative) units covalently bonded to it.
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| glycoprotein | is a protein molecule that has one or more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate derivative) units covalently bonded to it.
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| ALDONIC ACID | is a molecule similar to an aldose, except that aldehyde has been oxidized to a carboxylic acid.
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| ALDARIC ACID | is a carbohydrate im which both terminal group, either alcohol or aldehyde have been oxidized to carboxylic acid.
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| ALDURONIC ACID | is a carbohydrate containing both carboxylix and an aldehyde or ketone. Obtained by the oxidation.C
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| ALDITOL | a alcohol group both on top and bottom
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| BLOOD TYPE O | Universal Donor
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| BLOOD TYPE AB | Universal Recipient
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| HERMAN EMIL FISCHER | German chemist
One of the early greats in organic chemistry, Made fundamental discoveries about carbohydrates, proteins, and other natural products.
awarded the 2nd Nobel Prize in Chemistry
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| The fifth and sixth carbon species is the | most common
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| Achiral | molecule whose is mirror are superimposable.
- Do not possess handedness.
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| ALDOSES | Is a monosaccharide that an aldehyde functional group. polyhydro-oxyaldehyde
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| KETOSE | Is a monosaccharide that contains a ketone functional group.
Poluhydroxyketones
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| L-glucose | is tasteless and the body cannot use it.
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| DEXTROSE | Optically active d-glucose in aquarius solution. Rotaes plan polarized light to the right. Used in hospitals. 5% glucose solution
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| BLOOD SUGAR | Blood contains glucose
70 to 100 milligrams per dl
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| WALTER NORMAN HOWARD | british chemist
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