BIOCHEM Word Scramble

Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

Normal Size Small Size show me how

Term	Definition
carbohydrate	is a polyhydroxy aldehyde, a polyhydroxy ketone, or a compound that yields polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones upon hydrolysis.
carbohydrate glucose	is a polyhydroxy aldehyde
carbohydrate fructose	is a polyhydroxy ketone
Monosaccharides	classified as aldose or ketose on the basis of the type of carbonyl present
Disaccharides	are glycosides formed from the linkage of two monosaccharides It is crystalline and water soluble.
Oligosaccharides	are carbohydrates that contain three to ten monosaccharide units
Polysaccharides	are polymers in which monosaccharides are the monomers
Superimposable mirror images	are images that coincide at all points when the images are laid upon each other
Nonsuperimposable mirror images	are images where not all points coincide when the images are laid upon each other.
chiral center	is an atom in a molecule that has four different groups bonded to it in a tetrahedral orientation
chiral	A molecule that contains a chiral center is said to be
chiral molecule	is a molecule whose mirror images are not superimposable
Stereoisomerism	connected in the same way but are arranged differently in space.
Enantiomers	have structures that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other
Diastereomers	have structures that are not mirror images of each other
Fischer projection formula	is a two-dimensional structural notation for showing the spatial arrangement of groups about chiral centers in molecules.
chiral center (Carbon)	In a Fischer projection formula a _________________ is represented as the intersection of vertical and horizontal lines
D and L system	used to designate the handedness of glyceraldehyde enantiomers.
aldohexose	A six-carbon monosaccharide with an aldehyde functional group is an
ketopentose	a five-carbon monosaccharide with a ketone functional group is a
D-glucose	is the most abundant in nature and the most important from a human nutritional standpoint.
D-Fructose	is biochemically the most important ketohexose. It is also known as levulose and fruit sugar. Tastes sweet, nutritious, and is an important component of human diet. (diabetes) (grape sugar)
D-Galactose	Milk sugar Synthesize in human Used to differentiate between blood types Six membered cyclic form
D-Ribose	1. Part of RNA 2. Part of ATP 3. Part of DNA 4. Five membered cyclic form
Alpha-form	-OH of C1 and CH2OH of C5 are on opposite sides
Beta-form	-OH of C1 and CH2OH of C5 are on same sides
pyranose	A cyclic monosaccharide containing a six-atom ring is called a
furanose	one containing a five-atom ring is called
Haworth projection formula	is a two-dimensional structural notation that specifies the three-dimensional structure of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide.
Beta configuration	both of these groups point in the same direction
Alpha configuration	the two groups point in opposite directions
OH groups in the Haworth projection formula.	The specific identity of a monosaccharide is determined by the positioning of the other _____________________________.
Five important reactions of monosaccharides	Oxidation to acidic sugars Reduction to sugar alcohols Glycoside formation Phosphate ester formation Amino sugar formation
Oxidation	can yield three different types of acidic sugars depending on the type of oxidizing agent used:
Oxidation to acidic sugars	The redox chemistry of monosaccharides is closely linked to the alcohol and aldehyde functional groups present in them.
Reduction to sugar alcohols	The carbonyl group in a monosaccharide (either an aldose or a ketose) is reduced to a hydroxyl group using hydrogen as the reducing agent.
glycoside	general name for monosaccharide acetals is
glycoside	is an acetal formed from a cyclic monosaccharide by replacement of the hemiacetal carbon -OH group with an -OR group
D-galactose and its derivatives.	The monosaccharides responsible for blood groups are
Phosphate ester formation	The hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide can react with inorganic oxyacids to form inorganic esters.
Phosphate esters of various monosaccharides are	stable in aqueous solution and play important roles in the metabolism of carbohydrates.
Amino sugar formation	one of the hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide is replaced with an amino group
important building blocks of polysaccharides	Amino sugars and their N-acetyl derivatives are
disaccharide	Two monosaccharides can react to form
glycosidic linkage	The bond that links the two monosaccharides of a disaccharide (glycoside) together is called
Cellobiose	is produced as an intermediate in the hydrolysis of the polysaccharide cellulose
Cellobiose contains	two b - D-glucose monosaccharide units linked through a b (1—4) glycosidic linkage
Maltose	is produced whenever the polysaccharide starch breaks down, as happens in plants when seeds germinate and in human beings during starch digestion.
maltose is made up of	two D-glucose units, one of which must be a-D-glucose.
Lactose is made up of	b-D-galactose unit and a b-D-glucose unit joined by a b(1-4) glycosidic linkage.
Lactose	is the major sugar found in milk
Lactose intolerance	condition in which people lack the enzyme lactase needed to hydrolyze lactose to galactose and glucose.
Lactase	hydrolyzes b(1-4) glycosidic linkages.
Deficiency of lactase	can be caused by a genetic defect, physiological decline with age, or by injuries to intestinal mucosa.
Sucrose	table sugar nonreducing sugar.ets.
table sugar	The most abundant of all disaccharides and found in plants. It is produced commercially from the juice of sugar cane and sugar beets
polysaccharide	is a polymer that contains many monosaccharide units bonded to each other by glycosidic linkages.
homopolysaccharide	is a polysaccharide in which only one type of monosaccharide monomer is present.
heteropolysaccharide	is a polysaccharide in which more than one (usually two) type of monosaccharide monomer is present.
Starch	is a homopolysaccharide containing only glucose monosaccharide units - It is the energy-storage polysaccharide in plants
Amylopectin	the other polysaccharide in starch, has a high degree of branching in its polyglucose structure
Glycogen	like starch, is a polysaccharide containing only glucose units. -Liver cells and muscle cells are the storage sites for humans - ideal storage form for glucose
Cellulose	Humans and animals don’t have enzymes that hydrolyze so humans can not digest because they have bacteria in their guts to hydrolyze ______________________. - It serves as dietary fiber in food readily absorbs water and results in softer stools.
Chitin	Similar to cellulose in both function and structure it has a N-acetyl amino derivative of glucose to give rigidity to the exoskeleton s of crabs, lobsters, shrimp, insects, and other arthropods.
Acidic polysaccharides	polysaccharides with a repeating disaccharide unit containing an amino sugar and a sugar with a negative charge due to a sulfate or a carboxyl group Hyaluronic acid Heparin
Hyaluronic acid	Alternating residues of N-acetyl-b-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid. Highly viscous - serve as lubricants in the fluid of joints and part vitreous humor of the eye
Heparin	An anticoagulant-prevents blood clots.
glycolipid	is a lipid molecule that has one or more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate derivative) units covalently bonded to it.
glycoprotein	is a protein molecule that has one or more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate derivative) units covalently bonded to it.
ALDONIC ACID	is a molecule similar to an aldose, except that aldehyde has been oxidized to a carboxylic acid.
ALDARIC ACID	is a carbohydrate im which both terminal group, either alcohol or aldehyde have been oxidized to carboxylic acid.
ALDURONIC ACID	is a carbohydrate containing both carboxylix and an aldehyde or ketone. Obtained by the oxidation.C
ALDITOL	a alcohol group both on top and bottom
BLOOD TYPE O	Universal Donor
BLOOD TYPE AB	Universal Recipient
HERMAN EMIL FISCHER	German chemist One of the early greats in organic chemistry, Made fundamental discoveries about carbohydrates, proteins, and other natural products. awarded the 2nd Nobel Prize in Chemistry
The fifth and sixth carbon species is the	most common
Achiral	molecule whose is mirror are superimposable. - Do not possess handedness.
ALDOSES	Is a monosaccharide that an aldehyde functional group.  polyhydro-oxyaldehyde
KETOSE	Is a monosaccharide that contains a ketone functional group. Poluhydroxyketones
L-glucose	is tasteless and the body cannot use it.
DEXTROSE	Optically active d-glucose in aquarius solution. Rotaes plan polarized light to the right.  Used in hospitals. 5% glucose solution
BLOOD SUGAR	Blood contains glucose 70 to 100 milligrams per dl
WALTER NORMAN HOWARD	british chemist

Created by: 1569455770155198