Bones and skeletal tissues
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| periochondrium | Layer of dense irregular ct surrounding developing boneachts as girdle to resist outward expansioncontains blood vessles nutrient diffuse through marix to reach cartilage cells
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| 3 types of cartilage | hyaline elastic fibrocartilage
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| how many named bones form the human skeleton? | 206+
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| Axial Skeleton | consistis of bones that lie around the longitudinal central axis of bodyIncludes the bones of Skull Vertebral column and Rib Cage
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| Appendicular Skeleton | Consists of upper and lover limbs, Girdles (attach appendicular bones to Axial)
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| 4 types of bones | long, short, (sesamoid), Flat, Irregular
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| Long Bones | Longer tha wide,Shaft & 2 ends, All limb bones except patella, wrist and ankle
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| Short Bones | Cube shaped (wrist ankle) Sesamoid Bones- form in tendon
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| Flat Bones | Thin, flattened, bit curved- sternum scpapulae, ribs, skull
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| Irregular Bones | Complicated shape, hip bones vertebra
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| Functions of Bone | Support, protections, movement, mineral and growth factor storage, blood cell formation, triglyceride storage
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| Bone projections are indications of what? | stress from muscles attached and pulling, or are modified surfaces where bone meet and make joints
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| Depressions and openings in bones usuall serve to allow what? | Passage of nerves and Blood vessles
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| tuberosity | large rounded projection;may be roughened
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| Epicondyle= raised area on or above condyleSpine= sharp slender often pointed projectionsProcess= any bone prominenceHead= bony expansion carried on narrow neckFacet=smooth nearly flat articular surfaceCondyle=rounded articular projectionRam |
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| Trochanter | very large blunt irregularly shaped process
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| Line | narrow ridge of bone less prominent than crest
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| Tubercle | small rounded projection
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| Epicondyle | raised area on or above condyle
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| Spine | sharp slender often pointed projections
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| Process | any bone prominence
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| Head | bony expansion carried on narrow neck
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| Facet | smooth nearly flat articular surface
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| Condyle | rounded articular projection
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| Ramus | arm like bar of bone
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| Groove | furrow
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| Fissure | narrow slit like opening
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| Foramen (Foramina) | round oval opening through bone
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| Notch | indentation at edge of structure
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| Meatus (canal) | clanal like passage way
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| Sinus | cavity with in bone, filled with air lined mucous membrane
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| Fossa | shallow basine like depression in bone often serves as articular surface
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| Fovea | little pit
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| Body | main part
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| Neck | constriction between the head and body
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| Margin or border | edge
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| Angle | bend
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| Compact bone tissue | looks solid to eye, has passage ways for nerves vessels and lymphatic vessels
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| Spongy bone tissue | looks like spongy irregularly arranged cells. Serves as stress reinforcement. No osteons
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| Diaphysis of Long Bone | Shaft compact bone, Medullary Cavity (marrow)
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| Epiphyses of Long Bone | Bone ends usually more expanded than diaphysis
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| Epiphyseal Line/Plate | Disk of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen bone and the fuses at growth maturity
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| 2 Layers of Periosteum | Outer Fibrous Layer (Dense Irregular CT) Inner Osteogenic Layer consists of bone forming cells
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| 3 types of cells of osteogenic layer of periosteum | 1. Osteoblasts-secreate bone matrix elemens (bone Germinators) 2. Osteoclasts-destroys and reabsorbs “dead” bone (bone breaker 3. Osteogenic- cells-primitave stem cells gives rise to osteoblasts
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| Nutrient Foramen | Allows periosteum to enter diaphysis
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| Endosteum | Delicate CT membrane covers trabeculae of spongy bone. Lines opening of compact bone (simple squamous epithelium)
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| Short, irregular, and flat bones consist of? | thin plates of periosteum covered compact bone and endosteum covered spongy bone inside
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| Osteon | elongated cylinder oriented parallel to long axis of bone Tiny weight pillars, structural unit of compact bone tissue.
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| Concentric Lamellae of Osteon | ring like layers of bone matrix. Collagen fibers of single lamella run .--> collagen fibers of adjacent alternating pattern with stands tension stresses
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| Central Canal (haversian Canal) of Osteon | contain small blood vessels and nerve fibers serve need of osteon cells . Longitudinal channels through compact bone connect with perforating (volkmann’s)
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| Osteocytes | cell body is in lacuna btwn the concentric lamellae. cytoplasmic processes extend from the cell body of each osteocyte.->canaliculi. Canaliculi connect lacuna to each other and to central canal and to central canal
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| Perforating canals (volkmann’s canals) | run transversly contain blood vessels n nerves, connect blood and nerve supply to the periosteum and in central and medullary canals
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| Interstitial Lamellae | Intact osteons and incomplete lamellae fill gaps btwn forming osteons
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| Spongy Bone tissue | Trabeculae large spaces, align at lines of stress reinforces like buttresses, no concentric lamellae, mo osteons, receives nutrients through canaliculi from capillaries in endosteum
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| 5 organic components of bone | osteogenic,osteoblasts,osteocytes,osteoclasts,osteoid
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| osteoid | organic part of matrix. Inc ground substance n collagen fibers secreates by osteo blasts
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| Organic Components of Bone contribute to what? | Structure, flexibility, strength
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| Hydroxyapatite crystals (hydroxyapatites) | Inorganic component of bone, forms 65% of matrix , deposited in n around collagen fibers of matrix. HARDNESS.
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| Ossification (osteogenesis) | Process of bone formation, leads to formation of bony skeleton in embryo, bone growth, and bone remodeling/repair
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| At what week does tissue begin to develop in human embryo? | 8
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| When a bone develops from a fibrous membrane, what is the process called? | intramembranous ossification
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| Endochondrial ossification | bone development that involves replacement of hyaline cartilage
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| What bones do Intamembranous Ossification result in? | Cranial Clavicles.. flat bones
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| Steps of intramembranous ossification+ 1. Ossification centers appear in fiborous CT. 2. Bone matrix (osteoid) is sercreated w/in fibrous membr->calcifies 3. woven bone n periosteum form. 4 . Lamellar Bone replaces wove, rd mrow appears |
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| Steps in Endochondral Ossification | 1.bone collararound diaphysis-hyaline cartilage .2.cartilage in center of diaphysis calcifies->develops cavities.3.The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities & spongy bone forms.4,diaphysis elongates n medullary cavity forms.5 epiphysis calcifies
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| After secondary ossification is complete, hyaline cartilage remains in 2 places? | epiphyseal Surfaces (articular) Junction of Diaphysis & epiphysis (epiphyseal Plates)
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| 4 zones of epiphyseal plate | 1. Proliferation Zone- Cartilage cells ->mitosis. 2. hypertrophy-older cartilage cells enlarge. 3. Calcification- Matrix->calcified, Carilage cells die matrix deteriorates.4 ossification-new bone formation
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| During growth How does the epiphyseal plate maintain a constant thickness | rate of cartilage growth on epiphysis side is balanced by its replacement w bony tissue on diaphysis side.
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| Longitudinal growth is accompanied by almost continuous what? | bone remodeling of epiphysis ends to ensure proper portion ( endochrondial ossification)
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| Appositional growth | growing in thickness instead of length
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| Role of osteoblasts during width growth | secreat bone matrix
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| Role of osteoclasts during width growth | remove bone on endosteal surface
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| Growth Hormones | thyroid, testosterone, estrogen
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| The endire skeleton is replaced every? | 2 years
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| 2 processes of BONE REMODELING | Bone deposition, bone resorption
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| Where does bone deposit occur? | Wherever bone is injured or worn
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| Bone Healthy Diet consists of what? | Proteins, Vitamins C D A , Minerals (calcium phosphorus)
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| Control loops that regulate bone remodeling? | negative Feedback hormonal loop, Responses to mechanical and gravitational forces
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| What hormone is primarily involved with bone remodeling? | parathyroid hormone produced by parathyroid gland when ionic calcium levels in blood decline. Increased hormone level stimulates osteoclasts to reabsorb bone
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| Wolff’s law | Bone grows or remodels in response to demands placed on it. Bone’s anatomy reflects common stressors encountered
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| How mechanical forces communicate with the cells responsible for remodeling | deforming a bone produces an electrical current, current stimulates osteoblasts to deposit osteoid
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| Fracture | breaks
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| Traumatic Fracture | Injury
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| Pathologic (spontaneous) fracture | disease weakens bone
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| Nondisplaced v Displaced | bone ends normal position v bone ends out of normal alignment
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| Complete break v incomplete | broken through v part of way through
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| Open (compound) v Closed (simple) | bone penetrate skin v bone doesn’t penetrate skin
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| 4 steps in repair of simple bone fracture | 1. hematoma forms. 2. fibrocartillagenous callus forms. 3. bon1y callus forms. 4. bone remodeling occurs
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| osteomalacia | “soft bones” are inadequately mineralized. Caused by Ca/vit d def
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| Rickets | childhood form of osteomalacia can result in deformities in hips pelvis skull and ribcage
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| Osteoporosis | bone reabsorbtion out paces bone deposit
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