BIO 202 Exam 2
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| what is the name of the space in a blood vessel where blood flows | lumen
🗑
|
||||
| why do larger veins have valves | to prevent backflow
🗑
|
||||
| from outermost to innermost what are the 3 tunica of an artery | tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima
🗑
|
||||
| what are the functions of arteries and arterioles as well as veins, venules, and capillaries | arteries and arterioles take blood away from the heart and to capillaries, which then flow through venules and veins back to the heart
🗑
|
||||
| what are varicose veins | when the valves in veins collapse and blood begins to pool
🗑
|
||||
| what is pulmonary circulation | blood being carried to and from the alveoli (right side of the heart)
🗑
|
||||
| what is systemic circulation | blood being transported around the entire body
🗑
|
||||
| what bone protects the heart anteriorly | the sternum
🗑
|
||||
| what is the name of the thin tough sac that covers the heart | the pericardium
🗑
|
||||
| what is the muscular layer of the heart called | myocardium
🗑
|
||||
| what type of tissue comprises the bulk of the myocardium | cardiac muscle
🗑
|
||||
| what is the inner lining of the heart called | endocardium
🗑
|
||||
| where would you find the sulci of the heart | grooved areas filled with fat that divide the left and right ventricles and atria
🗑
|
||||
| where is the interatrial septum found | between the walls of the atria
🗑
|
||||
| where can the interventricular septum be found | the thicker wall between ventricles
🗑
|
||||
| what chambers of the heart function to receive blood from the veins | left and right atrium
🗑
|
||||
| what are the two bottom chambers of the heart called | ventricles
🗑
|
||||
| what is the scientific term for "heart strings" | chordae tendinea
🗑
|
||||
| what does prolapse refer to in regards to the heart | when valves open backwards
🗑
|
||||
| what does regurgitation refer to in terms of the heart | when there is a failure of the valves
🗑
|
||||
| what are the papillary muscles and their function | they connect to chordae tendinea in order to help flex and open the valves within the heart
🗑
|
||||
| which side of the heart has a thicker ventricular wall and why | the left side because it needs to pump blood much further through the body
🗑
|
||||
| what is the largest artery in the human body | Vena Cava
🗑
|
||||
| what is angina | a partial obstruction of blood flow which may cause chest pain
🗑
|
||||
| what is an infarction | the complete obstruction of blood flow which may cause death
🗑
|
||||
| what is CABG | Coronary artery bypass graft, bypassing major blocks in the blood vessels (with a vein) to the heart to improve the hearts ability to pump blood
🗑
|
||||
| what does myogenic mean | the heartbeat originates in the heart
🗑
|
||||
| what does auto-rhythmic mean | the heartbeat is regular or spontaneous depolarization
🗑
|
||||
| what region of the heart is referred to as the pacemaker | SA Node
🗑
|
||||
| follow an electric impulse through the heart | Sa node, av node, av bundle (bundle of his), bundle branches, purkinje fibers
🗑
|
||||
| what is the importance of the plateau in a heart cells action potential | it allows the heart to completely empty and refill
🗑
|
||||
| What is an ECG (EKG) | electrocardiogram, checkin the electrical activity of the whole heart
🗑
|
||||
| What does the P-wave signify | atrial depolarization (first small hump)
🗑
|
||||
| What does the P-R interval signify | from start of atrial depolarization to start of the QRS complex
🗑
|
||||
| What does the QRS complex signify | ventricle depolarization
🗑
|
||||
| What does the Q-T interval signify | ventricle depolarization to ventricle repolarization
🗑
|
||||
| What does the T-wave signify | ventricle repolarization (2nd small hump)
🗑
|
||||
| What is PVC? Can this be a normal occurence? | Occurs when purkinje cells or ventricular myocardial cells depolarize to threshold and trigger premature contractions
🗑
|
||||
| What is V-Tac | 4 or more PVC's without intervening normal beats
🗑
|
||||
| what is systole | atrial/ventricular contraction
🗑
|
||||
| what is diastole | atrial/ventricular relaxation
🗑
|
||||
| Cardiac output | heart rate X stoke volume (the amount of blood ejected by the ventricle in 1 minute
🗑
|
||||
| pulse | a surge of pressure within the arteries
🗑
|
||||
| tachycardia | when the resting HR is above 100
🗑
|
||||
| bradycardia | when the resting HR is below 60 (normal for fit people)
🗑
|
||||
| what is preload | the amount of tension in the ventricular myocardium before it contracts
🗑
|
||||
| predict the effects of chronotropic chemicals: catecholamines | NE and epinephrine (cardiac stimulants), increased HR
🗑
|
||||
| predict the effects of chronotropic chemicals: caffeine | inhibits camp breakdown
🗑
|
||||
| predict the effects of chronotropic chemicals: nicotine | stimulates catecholamine secretions
🗑
|
||||
| predict the effects of chronotropic chemicals: thyroid hormone | increase HR, increases sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation, and increases adrenergic receptors in the heart
🗑
|
||||
| explain contractility | the contraction force for a given preload, contractility can be increased by hypercalcemia, catecholamines, glucagon, and digitalis, or decreased due to hyperklaemia and hypocalcemia
🗑
|
||||
| explain how digitalis works to increase cardiac contractility | increases intracellular concentrations of calcium
🗑
|
||||
| explain afterload | caused by the perssure in arteries above the semilunar valves apposing the opening of valves
🗑
|
||||
| what happens to cardiac output when a person "warms up" during exercise | the HR increases
🗑
|
||||
| symptoms of left heart failure | inability to pump into systemic circulation, the left side tends to fall first, and may be caused by stress or myocardial infarction. Edema may occur in the lungs
🗑
|
||||
| symptoms of right heart failure | inability for the right side to adequately pump venous blood into pulmonary circulation, edema can occur in our hands, feet and rest of our body
🗑
|
||||
| where is majority of blood distributed during exercise | muscular system
🗑
|
||||
| at rest where is majority of blood distribution in the human occurring | veins
🗑
|
||||
| what is blood flow | the rate of blood flowing through a tissue in a given time
🗑
|
||||
| what is perfusion | the rate of blood flow per a given mass of tissue
🗑
|
||||
| mathematical relationship between blood flow, pressure, and resistance a. |
🗑
|
||||
| what is blood pressure | pressure in the arteries
🗑
|
||||
| what is capillary hydrostatic pressure | pressure within the capillary beds
🗑
|
||||
| what is venous pressure | pressure in the venous system
🗑
|
||||
| what is TPR | total peripheral resistance
🗑
|
||||
| what is vascular resistance | friction between the blood vessels and the walls
🗑
|
||||
| what is blood viscosity | thickness or resistance caused by RBC's and albumin as well as other molecules suspended in blood
🗑
|
||||
| what is turbulence | a swirling action that disturbs smooth flow of liquid
🗑
|
||||
| what affect TPR | vascular resistance, turbulence, blood viscosity
🗑
|
||||
| normal BP | 120/80
🗑
|
||||
| what is pulse pressure | difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
🗑
|
||||
| what is mean arterial pressure (MAP) | diastolic pressure +1/3 pulse pressure
🗑
|
||||
| what factors affect local blood pressure and flow | metabolic theory of auto regulation, vasoactive chemicals, reactive hyperemia, angiogenesis
🗑
|
||||
| where are baroreceptors and how do they restore homeostasis to the body | can be found in the aortic arch and carotid sinus as well as other large arteries restoring homeostasis through negative feedback loops
🗑
|
||||
| what are chemoreceptors | receptors found in aortic and carotid bodies like the aortic arch and subclavian/external carotid arteries. They monitor pH
🗑
|
||||
| How do chemoreceptors respond to hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidosis | hypoxemia or hypercapnia may cause acidosis in the blood stream, so the pH may lower
🗑
|
||||
| what are the effects of Angiotensin II | increase aldosterone production, increases ADH production, increases thirst, increases cardiac output (BP)
🗑
|
||||
| where does ANP and BNP come from | ANP is produced by cells in the right atrium, BNP is produced by ventricular muscle cells
🗑
|
||||
| what effect do ANP and BNP ave on the cardiovascular system when released | increased BP and blood volume cause release, release then causes a variety of things such as increase Na+ loss in urine, water loss in urine, reduced thirst, etc. to overall cause reduced blood volume
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
mgao