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BIO 202 Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| what is the name of the space in a blood vessel where blood flows | lumen |
| why do larger veins have valves | to prevent backflow |
| from outermost to innermost what are the 3 tunica of an artery | tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima |
| what are the functions of arteries and arterioles as well as veins, venules, and capillaries | arteries and arterioles take blood away from the heart and to capillaries, which then flow through venules and veins back to the heart |
| what are varicose veins | when the valves in veins collapse and blood begins to pool |
| what is pulmonary circulation | blood being carried to and from the alveoli (right side of the heart) |
| what is systemic circulation | blood being transported around the entire body |
| what bone protects the heart anteriorly | the sternum |
| what is the name of the thin tough sac that covers the heart | the pericardium |
| what is the muscular layer of the heart called | myocardium |
| what type of tissue comprises the bulk of the myocardium | cardiac muscle |
| what is the inner lining of the heart called | endocardium |
| where would you find the sulci of the heart | grooved areas filled with fat that divide the left and right ventricles and atria |
| where is the interatrial septum found | between the walls of the atria |
| where can the interventricular septum be found | the thicker wall between ventricles |
| what chambers of the heart function to receive blood from the veins | left and right atrium |
| what are the two bottom chambers of the heart called | ventricles |
| what is the scientific term for "heart strings" | chordae tendinea |
| what does prolapse refer to in regards to the heart | when valves open backwards |
| what does regurgitation refer to in terms of the heart | when there is a failure of the valves |
| what are the papillary muscles and their function | they connect to chordae tendinea in order to help flex and open the valves within the heart |
| which side of the heart has a thicker ventricular wall and why | the left side because it needs to pump blood much further through the body |
| what is the largest artery in the human body | Vena Cava |
| what is angina | a partial obstruction of blood flow which may cause chest pain |
| what is an infarction | the complete obstruction of blood flow which may cause death |
| what is CABG | Coronary artery bypass graft, bypassing major blocks in the blood vessels (with a vein) to the heart to improve the hearts ability to pump blood |
| what does myogenic mean | the heartbeat originates in the heart |
| what does auto-rhythmic mean | the heartbeat is regular or spontaneous depolarization |
| what region of the heart is referred to as the pacemaker | SA Node |
| follow an electric impulse through the heart | Sa node, av node, av bundle (bundle of his), bundle branches, purkinje fibers |
| what is the importance of the plateau in a heart cells action potential | it allows the heart to completely empty and refill |
| What is an ECG (EKG) | electrocardiogram, checkin the electrical activity of the whole heart |
| What does the P-wave signify | atrial depolarization (first small hump) |
| What does the P-R interval signify | from start of atrial depolarization to start of the QRS complex |
| What does the QRS complex signify | ventricle depolarization |
| What does the Q-T interval signify | ventricle depolarization to ventricle repolarization |
| What does the T-wave signify | ventricle repolarization (2nd small hump) |
| What is PVC? Can this be a normal occurence? | Occurs when purkinje cells or ventricular myocardial cells depolarize to threshold and trigger premature contractions |
| What is V-Tac | 4 or more PVC's without intervening normal beats |
| what is systole | atrial/ventricular contraction |
| what is diastole | atrial/ventricular relaxation |
| Cardiac output | heart rate X stoke volume (the amount of blood ejected by the ventricle in 1 minute |
| pulse | a surge of pressure within the arteries |
| tachycardia | when the resting HR is above 100 |
| bradycardia | when the resting HR is below 60 (normal for fit people) |
| what is preload | the amount of tension in the ventricular myocardium before it contracts |
| predict the effects of chronotropic chemicals: catecholamines | NE and epinephrine (cardiac stimulants), increased HR |
| predict the effects of chronotropic chemicals: caffeine | inhibits camp breakdown |
| predict the effects of chronotropic chemicals: nicotine | stimulates catecholamine secretions |
| predict the effects of chronotropic chemicals: thyroid hormone | increase HR, increases sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation, and increases adrenergic receptors in the heart |
| explain contractility | the contraction force for a given preload, contractility can be increased by hypercalcemia, catecholamines, glucagon, and digitalis, or decreased due to hyperklaemia and hypocalcemia |
| explain how digitalis works to increase cardiac contractility | increases intracellular concentrations of calcium |
| explain afterload | caused by the perssure in arteries above the semilunar valves apposing the opening of valves |
| what happens to cardiac output when a person "warms up" during exercise | the HR increases |
| symptoms of left heart failure | inability to pump into systemic circulation, the left side tends to fall first, and may be caused by stress or myocardial infarction. Edema may occur in the lungs |
| symptoms of right heart failure | inability for the right side to adequately pump venous blood into pulmonary circulation, edema can occur in our hands, feet and rest of our body |
| where is majority of blood distributed during exercise | muscular system |
| at rest where is majority of blood distribution in the human occurring | veins |
| what is blood flow | the rate of blood flowing through a tissue in a given time |
| what is perfusion | the rate of blood flow per a given mass of tissue |
| mathematical relationship between blood flow, pressure, and resistance a. | |
| what is blood pressure | pressure in the arteries |
| what is capillary hydrostatic pressure | pressure within the capillary beds |
| what is venous pressure | pressure in the venous system |
| what is TPR | total peripheral resistance |
| what is vascular resistance | friction between the blood vessels and the walls |
| what is blood viscosity | thickness or resistance caused by RBC's and albumin as well as other molecules suspended in blood |
| what is turbulence | a swirling action that disturbs smooth flow of liquid |
| what affect TPR | vascular resistance, turbulence, blood viscosity |
| normal BP | 120/80 |
| what is pulse pressure | difference between systolic and diastolic pressure |
| what is mean arterial pressure (MAP) | diastolic pressure +1/3 pulse pressure |
| what factors affect local blood pressure and flow | metabolic theory of auto regulation, vasoactive chemicals, reactive hyperemia, angiogenesis |
| where are baroreceptors and how do they restore homeostasis to the body | can be found in the aortic arch and carotid sinus as well as other large arteries restoring homeostasis through negative feedback loops |
| what are chemoreceptors | receptors found in aortic and carotid bodies like the aortic arch and subclavian/external carotid arteries. They monitor pH |
| How do chemoreceptors respond to hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidosis | hypoxemia or hypercapnia may cause acidosis in the blood stream, so the pH may lower |
| what are the effects of Angiotensin II | increase aldosterone production, increases ADH production, increases thirst, increases cardiac output (BP) |
| where does ANP and BNP come from | ANP is produced by cells in the right atrium, BNP is produced by ventricular muscle cells |
| what effect do ANP and BNP ave on the cardiovascular system when released | increased BP and blood volume cause release, release then causes a variety of things such as increase Na+ loss in urine, water loss in urine, reduced thirst, etc. to overall cause reduced blood volume |
Created by:
mgao