Basic Principles of Heredity
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| Genes and expression | control basic concepts of heredity
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| Hair Color | controlled by pigment Melanin.
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| Enumelanin | black or brown hair
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| Pheomelanin | red or yellow hair
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| MC1R gene | found to be responsible -a receptor. Most people with red har carry 2 defective copies of MC1R gene
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| Mendel's Success | adopted experimental approach and interpreted his results by using mathematics. Mendel formulated hypotheses based on his initial observations and then conducted addl crosses to test it.
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| Mendel | mated a given phenotype with a similar phenotype until he never saw a different phenotype Homozygous
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| Law of Segregation | when an individual produces gametes, each gamete will receive only 1 copy of a particular gene
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| Gene | a genetic factor (region of DNA) that helps determine a characteristic
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| Allele | One of two or more alternative forms of a gene.
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| Locus | Specific place on a chrom occupied by an allele
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| Genotype | set of alleles possessed by an individual
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| Heterozygote | an individual organism possessing 2 different alleles at a locus
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| Homogygote | an individual organism possessing 2 of the same allele at a locus
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| Phenotype or Trait | Appearance or manifestation of a character
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| Characteristic | attribute or feature
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| monohybrid crosses | cross between parents that differ in a single gene
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| Reciprocal crosses | crosses in which phenotypes of male and female are reversed and crossed
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| Important result of monohybrid cross | each plant was concluded to carry 2 genetic encoding factors since the presence of 2 phenotypes could be found in F2 even though F1 only displayed one phenotype.
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| Mendel Discovers: | 1. each offspring inherit gentic factors from both parents 2. two alleles separate when gametes are formes 1 allele per gamete 3. dominant alleles will mask recessive alleles 4. 2 alleles separate w/ equal probability into gametes. gametes pair randomly
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| Phenotype expression | caused by genotype (genetic constitution), actions of other genes and their products, and environmental influences and random developmental events
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| backcross | cross between F1 genotypes ( ex Rr) and its parent ( ex RR or rr )
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| Principle of Segregation | each individual 2n organism posses 2 alleles for any particular characteristic
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| Multiplication Rule | the probability of two or more independent events occurring together is calculated by multiplying their independent probabilities. ex. rolling a 4 is 1/6. rolling a 4 a second time is 1/6 x 1/6 = 1/36. KEY WORD - AND
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| Addition Rule | probability of 2 or more mutually exclusive events is calculated. KEY WORD - EITHER. ex. roll a die and get either a 3 (1/6) or a 4 (1/6) 1/6 + 1/6 = 2/6 = 1/3
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| testcross | one individual of unknown genotype is crossed with another individual that is homozygous for a recessive trait. if the unknown was heterozygous the f1 would be 1:1 for heterozygous and homozygous recessive.
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| incomplete dominance | dominance is lacking. phenotype of heterozygous is different form either homozygous phenotypes.
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| Wild Type | common allele for a character, usually found in the wild symbol +
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| independent assortment | Alleles encoding for different traits separate independently.
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| Dihybrid Cross | RrYy can produce 4 gametes according to independent assortment. -> RY Ry rY ry
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| Goodness of Fit | Results might not exactly equal whole expected numbers. must have a mechanism to determine results fit expectations or whether you must reject hypothesis.
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| Chi-square test | allows to check for null-hypothesis (difference due to chance) x squared = (observed/ expected)squared / expected
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