Landmarks of the Skull and Cranial Bones
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| midsagittal, or median, plane (MSP) | divides the body into left and right halves; for every AP and PA or lateral projection of the cranium, the midsagittal plane is perpendicular to or parallel to the plane of the IR.
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| interpupillary (IPL), or interorbintal, line | a line that connects the pupils or the outer canthi of the patient's eyes; when head is placed in a true lateral position, the inter-pupillary line must be exactly perpendicular to the plane of the IR.
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| superciliary ridge (arch) | that ridge or arch of bone that extends across the forehead directly above each eye
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| supraorbital groove, or SOG | a slight groove or depression that is slightly above the superciliary ridge above each eye
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| glabella | the smooth, slightly raised triangular area between and slightly superior to the eyebrows and above the ridge of the nose
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| nasion | located at the junction of the two nasal bones and the frontal bone
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| acanthion | the midline point at the junction of the upper lip and the nasal septum; where the nose and upper lip meet
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| angle, or gonion | refers to the lower posterior angle on each side of the jaw or mandible
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| mental point | triangular area of the chin as it appears from the front
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| auricle, or pinna | external portion of the ear; the large flap of ear made of cartilage
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| tragus | the small cartilaginous flap that covers the opening of the ear
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| TEA | refers to the superior attachment of the auricle, or part where the side frames of eyeglasses rest; corresponds to the highest level of the petrous ridge
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| canthi | the junctions of the upper and lower eyelids
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| inner canthus | where the eyelids meet near the nose
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| outer canthus | the more lateral junction of the eyelids
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| supraorbital margin, or SOM | the superior rim of the bony orbit of the eye
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| infraorbital margin, or IOM | the inferior rim of the bony orbit of the eye
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| midlateral orbital margin | that portion of the lateral rim of the bony orbit of the eye that is near the outer canthus of the eye
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| EAM, or external acoustic meatus | the opening of the external ear canal
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| auricular point | the center point of the EAM opening
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| glabellomeatal lie (GML) | the most superior positioning line between the glabella and the EAM; slightly above the eyebrow arch
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| orbitomeatal line (OML) | located between the outer canthus (midlateral orbital margin) and the EAM
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| infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) | formed by connecting the infraorbital margin to the EAM; also known as Reid's base line, or anthropologic base line
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| acanthiomeatal line (AML) | formed by connecting the acanthion to the EAM
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| mentomeatal line (MML) | formed by connecting the mental point to the EAM
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| lipsmeatal line (LML) | a line from the junction of the lips to the EAM
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| glabelloalveolar line (GAL) | connects the glabella to a point at the anterior aspect of the alveolar process of the maxilla
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| inion | the most prominent point of the external occipital protuberance; a posterior extension of the IOML approximates the location of the anion
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