Pediatric Pathology
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| Aspiration | when foreign objects are swallowed into the air passages of the bronchial tree; most likely right bronchus because of size and angle of divergence
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| Asthma | airways are narrowed by stimuli that do not affect the airways in normal lungs; labored breathing, increased mucus in the lungs
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| Atelectasis | collaspse of all or portion of a lung because of obstruction of bronchus or puncture
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| Bronchiectasis | widening of bronchi due to acute infection of congenital abnormality
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| Croup | narrowing of upper airway resulting in labored breathing, harsh, dry cough
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| Cystic Fibrosis | inherited disease which results in heavy mucous which clog's bronchi, bronchioles
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| Meconium ileus | type of intestinal obstruction caused by this thick type of mucous
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| Meconium | a dark green secretion of the liver and intestinal glands mixed with some amniotic fluid
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| Meconium Aspiration | during birth fetus under stress passes meconium stools during into amniotic fluid and inhales it into the lungs; causes airway to collapse causing rupture; pneumothorax or atelectasis
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| Epiglottitis | bacterial infection of the epiglottitis; blockage of the airway caused by swelling; a serious condition that can rapidly become fatal (within hours of onset); exam done in upright position by a specialist
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| Hyaline Membrane Disease (HMD) | now called respiritory distress syndrome (RDS); alveoli and capillaries are injured or infected resulting in leakage of fluid or blood into lung spaces
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| Neoplasia | formation of tumor/neoplasm in the respiratory tract
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| Pneumonia | accumulation of fluid within the lungs
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| Pneumothorax | air in the pleural spaces causing partial or total collapse of the lung; may be caused by trauma or a pathologic condition
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| Pneumomediastinum | air leaks from the air sacs into the soft tissue between the lung and heart
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| Diaphragmatic Hernia | a tear in the diaphragm which results in protrusion of abdominal contents through the diaphragm and into the lungs
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| Congenital goiter | an enlarged thyroid at birth caused by an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) or an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism)
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| Cretinism | Hypothyroidism; slow bone growth or possible drawfism
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| Neonatal Graves' disease | Hyperthyroidism in adults; inherited from mom with Graves' disease; life-threatening; enlarged thyroid can press against the airway and close it causing difficult breathing; eyes protrude
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| Craniostenosis | deformity of the skull caused by premature closure of skull structures; most common is sagittal suture
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| Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) | older term is congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH); femoral hip is separated by the acetabulum; Ultrasound used to confirm; Pavlik Harness is used
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| Hydrocephalus | enlarged ventricles from which the cerebrospinal fluid produced in the ventricles cannot drain; results in pressure buildup and overall enlargement of the head; shunts inserted into brain to alleviate pressure and fluid from the brain
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| Idiopathic Juvenile Osteoporosis | bone becomes less dense and fragile
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| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | hereditary disorder where bones are abnormally soft and fragile
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| Osteomyelitis | infection of a long bone
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| Osteochondrodysplasia | hereditary disorder in which bones grow abnormally, most of which cause dwarfism or short stature
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| Achondroplasia | short limbed dwarfism, bone formation decreased at growth plates; usually affects upper and lower limbs, not torso
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| Osteopetrosis | hereditary condition; results in an increase in bone density; usually present with skull abnormalities; common in African Americans; marble bone
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| Osteochondromas/Osteochondrosis | affects the epiphyseal or growth plates of long bones; results in excessive bone growth protrusions extending from bone; very painful; deformities and abnormal bone growth
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| Legg Calves Perthes disease | abnormal bone growth at the hip (head and neck) of the femur; results in a flattened head and later appears fragmented; overweight children ages 5-10yrs
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| Kohler's bone disease | causes inflammation of bone and cartilage of the navicular bone of the foot; common in males 3-5yrs
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| Osgood Schlatter's disease | inflammation of the tibial tuberosity (patella tendon attachment); results in a wearing away of the bone in this region; common in males 5-10yrs
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| Osteomalacia (Rickets) | condition in which developing bones do not harden or calcify causing skeletal deformities; common sign is bowing legs or "Blount's disease)
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| Spina Bifida | posterior aspect of the vertebrae fails to develop exposing part of the spinal cord; ultrasound used to diagnose before birth
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| Spina Bifida Occulta | mild form of SB resulting in some defect or splitting of the posterior arch of L5 - S1; no protrusion of meninges or spinal cord
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| Meningocele | severe form of SP; results in protrusion of the meninges through the undeveloped opening of the vertebrae; creates a cerebrospinal fluid filled bulge under the skin called a meningocele
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| Myelocele | most severe case of SP; both meninge and spinal cord protrude from the vertebrae
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| Talipes (Clubfoot) | congenital deformity of the foot
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| Talipes Varus | inward, medial turning of foot (walk on outer portion of foot)
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| Talipes Valgus | outward, lateral turning of foot (walk on inner portion of foot)
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| Talipes Equinus | foot plantar flexed (walk on tippy toes)
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| Talipes Calcaneus | foot dorsiflexed (walk on heel)
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| Bone Tumors | most common Ewing's Sarcoma cancer in children 10-18yrs
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| Atresias | an opening to an organ is absent (Ex: anal, biliary, esophageal, duodenal, mitral, tricuspid atresia's)
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| Hypospadias | congenital condition in males when the opening of the urethra is to the underside of the penis
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| Hirschsprung's disease | condition of large intestine where nerves controlling rhythmic contractions are missing; results in severe constipation
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| Inflammatory Bowel disease | chronic inflammation of the intestines
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| Crohn's disease | an infection of either small or large intestine or both
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| Ulcerative Colitis | involves only the large intestive; starts in the rectum or sigmoid
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| Intussusception | obstruction caused by the telescoping of a loop of intestine into another loop
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| Volvulus | an obstruction caused by the twisting of the intestine itself; corkscrew
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| Ileus | obstruction caused by lack of contractile movement of the intestinal wall
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| Necrotizing Enterocolitis | inflammation of the intestine due to injury or inflammatory disease; results in bowel death if not treated promptly
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| Pyloric Stenosis | narrowing or blocking at the pylorus or stomach outlet; occurs in infants resulting in constant vomiting
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| Neuroblastoma | malignant cancer in parts of the nervous system; frequently the adrenal gland; 2nd most common in children
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| Wilm's tumor | a cancer of the kidneys; typically involves only one kidney; most common abdominal cancer in infants or children younger than 5yrs
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| Polyscystic Kidney disease | inherited condition when many cysts form in the kidney causing enlargement
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| Pyelonephritis | a bacterial infection caused by urinary reflux (back-up of urine from bladder into kidney)
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| Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) | caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi; involves the bladder and urethra; common cause is vesicoureteral reflux; most common in males but after age 1 more common in females
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| Vesicoureteral Reflux | a backward flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys increasing the chance of spreading infection
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| Pyelonephritis | bacterial infection of the kidneys caused by vesicoureteral reflux
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| Hematuria | blood in urine
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| Hepatitis | infection of the liver
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| Hepatomegaly | enlargment of the liver
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| Hydronephrosis | enlarged kidney distended with urine; caused by obstruction of urine
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| Horseshoe Kidney | the two kidneys are joined together at their lower pelves
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