Cognitive Psychology with Dr. May
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| Science is not | 1) to provide causal link
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| Cognitive Science doesn't rely on | -intuition (gut feelings can be wrong)
-Logic (human's don't behave logically)
-authority (professionals can be wrong)
-case study (always exception to rule)
-Introspection (look at stages for thought as a model)
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| Description | complete yet objective
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| Explaination | theory that accounts for many descriptions
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| Good Theory | accounts for all data. must be falsifiable
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| Prediction | anticipe outcomes that wll have implications for our lives.
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| Naturalistic Observation | observation and recording of behavior in naturalistic setting. (can't prove causality)
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| Correlation Study | investication that explores relationship bc existing variables.
*looks at unmanipulatable variables
* cannot prove causality
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| Two important factors of correlation study | 1. size of correlation
2. valence or sign of correlation
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| What is the strongest and weakes correlation values? | +1 and -1 are the strongest
0 is the weakest
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| Experimental Designs | Study in which investigator manipulates one or more independent variable and examines effects on one or more dependent variable
*can be causal
*exteral validity sacrificed.
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| Criteria for variables | must be operationally defined or can be objectively measurd by all scientist
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| Experimenter Bias | experimenter comes in with preconcieved ideas
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| Demand Characteristics | participants believe they know hyothesis or know they're being watched
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| Cooperative/Compliant participant | wants to prove you right
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| Non-cooperative participant | doesn't want you to be right
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| Devensive | evaluation apprehensive
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| Experimenter bias and demand characteristics are minimized by ______________ | double blind study
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| Causality | behavior/events have a cause that can be identified
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| Reality of nature | the cause of a behavior or event is not supernatural
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| Consistency/Regularity | iff certain steps are accomplished and something good happens, if these steps are repeated the same outcome will happen
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| Steps of Scientific Method | 1. Identify problem/ generate hypothesis
2. design an Experiment
3. Conduct experiment
4. Analyze the data
5. Report the data
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| Disadvantages to Human patients with brain damage | -damage not "neat" or specific
-few patients w/ exact same damage
-must assume patient was normal before injury
-must assume patient is not compensating
-structure damage not directly related to behavior that is impaired
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| Phineas Gage | railroad worker w/ frontal lobe damage. Radical behavior change after accident
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| Henry Gustav Molaison "HM" | Hippocampus completely removed to help alleviate seziures. retrograde amesia. Learned from him that muscle memory and actual memory stored differently.
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| Clive Wearing | retrograde amesia
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| EEG/ERP | nonenvasive.
brain responce speed and location
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| PET scan | capitalizes on blood flow. measures glucose levels
percise but slow
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| fMRI | magnetic fields to produce an image of brain
*fast and percise
*very expensive, clausterphobic, loud
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| Physical energy | psychological experiences
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| Wavelength/frequency | Hue/Color
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| Amplitude | Brightness/intensity
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| Rods | 125 mill/eye
scotopic vision
light/dark
rhodopsin
periphery
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| Cones | 6-7 mill/eye
photopic vision
color/fine detail
iodopsin
fovea
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| Sensory receptors convert energy from the world into ____________ | neural impulses
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| Trichromatic Theory | Any color can be produced by mixing pure versions of blue, green and red light in different ratios.
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| Opponenet-process theory | stare at dot. counter colors
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| Frequency | pitch
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| amplitude | loundess
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| what are the sensory receptors for audition? | hair cells
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| Hair theory | hair cells at particular place on basilar membrane respond most to a particular frequency of sound.
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| Volley theory or frequency matching theory | firing rate of neuron matches a sound wave's frequency
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| How can hearing determine location? | timing of hair cell responses
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| How can hearing differentiate volume | # of hair ells respond
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| Taste and smell are ____________ | chemical senses
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| Bottom-up Processing | Basic featues of stimulus are analyzed and recombined to create perceptual experience.
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| Top-Down processing | Some aspects are guided by knowledge, expectations are other psychologicl factors.
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| Empiricists | knowledge from experiences
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| Nativist | knowledge innate brain characteristics
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| Knowledge | storage and organization of information in memory
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| How does the definition of knowledge relate to empiricist and ntivist views? | Storage-empiricist
Organization-nativist
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| Internal representation | a transformation of evironmental cues into meaningful cognitive symbols of the perceived stimuli
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| model | organizational framework used to describe processes.
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| formalism | means to represent the rules used in the establishment of a model.
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| Neuroscience | underlying brain functons
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| Computer science | computers that work like the human brain
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| Evolutionary Psychology | cognitios evolved as result of adaptations
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| Single-Cell studies | invasive. use probe to measure electronic impulses in the brain.
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| Psychophysics | study of relationships bt stimuli and the sensations and perceptions envoked by stimuli. (threshold studies)
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| Reaction-time studies | used to study cognitive processes
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| Priming Studies | stimulus is presented and then after a delay, a second stimulus is presented and participant is asked questions about stimuli.
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| Eye-Tracking Studies | measure eye movement to find information on attention and understand disabilitie like dyslexia
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| Lateralization Studies | studies on the two hemispheres of the brain
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| Case Studies | scientist measure impairment caused by brain damage
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| Imaging studies | studies involving pictures of the brain as its working
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| mind-body issue | debate on the connection between the mind and body
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| Four main parts of neuron | 1. dendrites
2. cell body
3. axon
4. presynaptic termnals
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| gyri | ridges bt folds in the brain
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| sulci | goves in the brain
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| cerebral cortex | site of thinking and cognition. most recent to evolve.
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| Phrenology | brain like a muscle and can be exercised. and like a muscle areas that are well developed will bulge out.
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| Lobotomy | destroying portions of frontal lobe has calming effect.
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| aggregate field theory | brain opperates as holistic organ
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| Split-brain research | observations of patients with a severed corpus callosum
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| cerebral commissurotomies | severing of corpus callosum
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| computational brain | based on idea that mind is what brain does-processes information
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| Sensation | initial detection of energy from physical world
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| Perception | interpretation of sensory information
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