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Cog Psyc exam1
Cognitive Psychology with Dr. May
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Science is not | 1) to provide causal link |
| Cognitive Science doesn't rely on | -intuition (gut feelings can be wrong) -Logic (human's don't behave logically) -authority (professionals can be wrong) -case study (always exception to rule) -Introspection (look at stages for thought as a model) |
| Description | complete yet objective |
| Explaination | theory that accounts for many descriptions |
| Good Theory | accounts for all data. must be falsifiable |
| Prediction | anticipe outcomes that wll have implications for our lives. |
| Naturalistic Observation | observation and recording of behavior in naturalistic setting. (can't prove causality) |
| Correlation Study | investication that explores relationship bc existing variables. *looks at unmanipulatable variables * cannot prove causality |
| Two important factors of correlation study | 1. size of correlation 2. valence or sign of correlation |
| What is the strongest and weakes correlation values? | +1 and -1 are the strongest 0 is the weakest |
| Experimental Designs | Study in which investigator manipulates one or more independent variable and examines effects on one or more dependent variable *can be causal *exteral validity sacrificed. |
| Criteria for variables | must be operationally defined or can be objectively measurd by all scientist |
| Experimenter Bias | experimenter comes in with preconcieved ideas |
| Demand Characteristics | participants believe they know hyothesis or know they're being watched |
| Cooperative/Compliant participant | wants to prove you right |
| Non-cooperative participant | doesn't want you to be right |
| Devensive | evaluation apprehensive |
| Experimenter bias and demand characteristics are minimized by ______________ | double blind study |
| Causality | behavior/events have a cause that can be identified |
| Reality of nature | the cause of a behavior or event is not supernatural |
| Consistency/Regularity | iff certain steps are accomplished and something good happens, if these steps are repeated the same outcome will happen |
| Steps of Scientific Method | 1. Identify problem/ generate hypothesis 2. design an Experiment 3. Conduct experiment 4. Analyze the data 5. Report the data |
| Disadvantages to Human patients with brain damage | -damage not "neat" or specific -few patients w/ exact same damage -must assume patient was normal before injury -must assume patient is not compensating -structure damage not directly related to behavior that is impaired |
| Phineas Gage | railroad worker w/ frontal lobe damage. Radical behavior change after accident |
| Henry Gustav Molaison "HM" | Hippocampus completely removed to help alleviate seziures. retrograde amesia. Learned from him that muscle memory and actual memory stored differently. |
| Clive Wearing | retrograde amesia |
| EEG/ERP | nonenvasive. brain responce speed and location |
| PET scan | capitalizes on blood flow. measures glucose levels percise but slow |
| fMRI | magnetic fields to produce an image of brain *fast and percise *very expensive, clausterphobic, loud |
| Physical energy | psychological experiences |
| Wavelength/frequency | Hue/Color |
| Amplitude | Brightness/intensity |
| Rods | 125 mill/eye scotopic vision light/dark rhodopsin periphery |
| Cones | 6-7 mill/eye photopic vision color/fine detail iodopsin fovea |
| Sensory receptors convert energy from the world into ____________ | neural impulses |
| Trichromatic Theory | Any color can be produced by mixing pure versions of blue, green and red light in different ratios. |
| Opponenet-process theory | stare at dot. counter colors |
| Frequency | pitch |
| amplitude | loundess |
| what are the sensory receptors for audition? | hair cells |
| Hair theory | hair cells at particular place on basilar membrane respond most to a particular frequency of sound. |
| Volley theory or frequency matching theory | firing rate of neuron matches a sound wave's frequency |
| How can hearing determine location? | timing of hair cell responses |
| How can hearing differentiate volume | # of hair ells respond |
| Taste and smell are ____________ | chemical senses |
| Bottom-up Processing | Basic featues of stimulus are analyzed and recombined to create perceptual experience. |
| Top-Down processing | Some aspects are guided by knowledge, expectations are other psychologicl factors. |
| Empiricists | knowledge from experiences |
| Nativist | knowledge innate brain characteristics |
| Knowledge | storage and organization of information in memory |
| How does the definition of knowledge relate to empiricist and ntivist views? | Storage-empiricist Organization-nativist |
| Internal representation | a transformation of evironmental cues into meaningful cognitive symbols of the perceived stimuli |
| model | organizational framework used to describe processes. |
| formalism | means to represent the rules used in the establishment of a model. |
| Neuroscience | underlying brain functons |
| Computer science | computers that work like the human brain |
| Evolutionary Psychology | cognitios evolved as result of adaptations |
| Single-Cell studies | invasive. use probe to measure electronic impulses in the brain. |
| Psychophysics | study of relationships bt stimuli and the sensations and perceptions envoked by stimuli. (threshold studies) |
| Reaction-time studies | used to study cognitive processes |
| Priming Studies | stimulus is presented and then after a delay, a second stimulus is presented and participant is asked questions about stimuli. |
| Eye-Tracking Studies | measure eye movement to find information on attention and understand disabilitie like dyslexia |
| Lateralization Studies | studies on the two hemispheres of the brain |
| Case Studies | scientist measure impairment caused by brain damage |
| Imaging studies | studies involving pictures of the brain as its working |
| mind-body issue | debate on the connection between the mind and body |
| Four main parts of neuron | 1. dendrites 2. cell body 3. axon 4. presynaptic termnals |
| gyri | ridges bt folds in the brain |
| sulci | goves in the brain |
| cerebral cortex | site of thinking and cognition. most recent to evolve. |
| Phrenology | brain like a muscle and can be exercised. and like a muscle areas that are well developed will bulge out. |
| Lobotomy | destroying portions of frontal lobe has calming effect. |
| aggregate field theory | brain opperates as holistic organ |
| Split-brain research | observations of patients with a severed corpus callosum |
| cerebral commissurotomies | severing of corpus callosum |
| computational brain | based on idea that mind is what brain does-processes information |
| Sensation | initial detection of energy from physical world |
| Perception | interpretation of sensory information |
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