PATHO TEST 2
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| Consists of the brain and spinal cord | Central Nervous System (CNS)
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| Consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves & 31 pairs of spinal nerves | Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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| Neurons that carry signal towards the CNS | Afferent neurons
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| Neurons that carry signal away from the CNS | Efferent neurons
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| System that supplies striated skeletal muscles | Somatic
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| System that supplies smooth, cardiac, and glandular epithelial tissue | Autonomic
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| Inner surface attaching to brain and spinal cord | Pia mater
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| Delicate cobweb like membrane | Arachnoid membrane
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| Tough outermost covering | Dura Mater
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| what is the basic unit of the nervous system | neuron
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| What is the axon insulated by? | Myelin sheath
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| what is the conduction route? | reflex arch
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| What is a synapse? | how impulses travel through
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| Best modality to evaluate the nervous system? | MRI
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| the loss of the ability to speak, write, and/or comprehend the written or spoken word | aphasia
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| lowered level of consciousness | lethargy
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| painful condition of the nerves | neuropathy
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| paralysis on one side of the body | hemiplegia
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| weakness on one side of the body | hemiparesis
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| difficulty speaking | dysarthria
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| altered state of consciousness after an epileptic seizure | postictal
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| protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord | meninges
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| nerve cells | neurons
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| a concentration of nerve cell bodies | gray matter
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| axons connecting different parts of gray | white matter
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| Acute inflammation of the pia mater & arachnoid; bacterial and viral, treated with immediate broad-spectrum antibiotics followed by specific antibiotics based of culture results | Meningitis
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| Which meningitis is more common and more dangerous? | bacterial
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| Viral inflammation of the brain & meninges (30% happen in children) that produce HA, fever, seizures, and even coma; treated with brain biopsy | Encephalitis
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| Most common primary malignant brain tumor, consists of glial cells (supportive connective tissue); is spread by direct extension & can cross hemispheres; peak age of 30+ | Glioma
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| Type of glioma that is the most common (70%); also is slow growing | Astrocyte
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| Type of glioma that arises from the 4th ventricle in children & lateral ventricles in adults which originates from ventricle or spine cord lining | Ependymomas
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| Type of glioma that is a slow growing lesion that arise in the cerebrum; originates from cells that produce myelin | Oligodendrocytes
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| A common type of a rapidly growing pineal tumors include germinomas and ______ which is a hypodense mass with internal calcifications; occurs in males younger than 25 | Teratoma
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| Caused by acute ARTERIAL bleeding and most commonly form over the parieto-temporal convexity (blood between dura mater and skull) | epidural hematoma
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| Reflect VENOUS bleeding; most commonly from ruptured veins between dura and meninges | subdural hematoma
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| Injury to surface veins or cortical arteries bleeding into the ventricles beneath the arachnoid layer of meninges | subarachnoid hemorrhage
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| The sudden & dramatic development of a focal neurologic deficit; most commonly involves the circulation of the internal carotid arteries | stroke syndrome
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| What is the time frame to administer fibrinolytic agents to effectively decrease risk of permanent neurologic deficit after a stroke? | 2-3 hours
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| Embolic stroke originating from arteriosclerotic ulcerated plaque; focal neurological deficits completely resolve within 24 hours | Transient Ischemic Stroke (TIA)
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| What is a major cause of a subarachnoid hemorrhage? | rupture of a berry aneurysm
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| A diffuse form of progressive cerebral atrophy that develops at an earlier age (before 60) then the senile period (60 & older) | Alzheimer's Disease
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| Atrophy of caudate nucleus and putamen; inherited condition that predominately involves men & appears in the early to middle adult years as dementia & continuous involuntary rapid, jerky movements | Huntington's Disease
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| A progressive degenerative disease (of basal ganglia) characterized by stooped posture, stiffness, & slowness, fixed facial expression & involuntary rhythmic tremor of the limbs that disappears with voluntary movement; usually occur in those 40 and older | Parkinson's Disease
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| Which 2 famous people had Parkinson's? | Muhammad Ali & Michael J. Fox
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| Degeneration of cerebellum; may represent an inherited disorder, a degenerative disease or the toxic effect of prolonged use of alcohol and phenytoin | cerebellar atrophy
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| A relentlessly progressive condition of unknown cause with widespread selective atrophy and loss of motor nerve cells leading to extensive paralysis & death from respiratory weakness or aspiration pneumonia | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
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| What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis commonly known as? | Lou Gehrig's Disease
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| Dilation of the ventricular system that is usually associated with increased intracranial pressure | Hydrocephalus
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| What is commonly used to treat hydrocephalus? | shunt placement
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| What 2 famous people had ALS? | Stephen Hawking & Lou Gehrig
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| The main difference between transient ischemic attacks and a stroke are: | lasting neurologic deficits
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| mucosal thickening most commonly in the paranasal sinuses (maxillary) | Sinusitis
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| Complications of sinusitis can lead to all of the following pathological conditions, except | pituitary adenomas
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| T/F Craniopharyngiomas are benign tumors that contain both cystic and solid components and usually occur in patients younger that 30 years of age. | false, younger than 20
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| T/F The most common location of surgically treatable arteriosclerotic disease causing TIAs is the region of the carotid bifurcation in the neck | true
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| a collection of glands that produce/secrete hormones that regulate metabolism, growth & development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, and sleep | endocrine system
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| low or inadequate amount | hypoactive
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| high or excess amount | hyperactive
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| enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by increase in the reproduction rate of its cells | hyperplasia
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| excess of growth hormone after the growth plates have closed | acromegaly
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| excess growth or height in children | gigantism
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| high blood sugar levels | hyperglycemia
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| What does the adrenal cortex produce? | cortisol, aldosterone, & androgens
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| Helps regulate metabolism & respond to stress | cortisol
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| Helps control BP | aldosterone
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| sex hormones | androgens
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| What does the adrenal medulla produce? | epinephrine & norepinephrine
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| aka adrenaline; regulates cardiac and glucose | epinephrine
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| regulates cardiac, glucose, & muscle contraction | norepinephrine
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| Occurs when the body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for a long time | Cushing's syndrome
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| What are symptoms of Cushing syndrome? | obesity, moon-shaped face, buffalo hump, fatigue, bone loss, & increased urination (usually 20+)
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| Abnormal secretion of adrenocortical hormones characterized by masculinization of women; causes ambiguous genital's in women, enlarged penis in men, & accelerates skeletal maturation = dwarfism | Adrenogenital Syndrome
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| A rare tumor that produces an excess of vasopressor substances (epinephrine & norepinephrine causing HTN; round, oval mass (meatball); are BENIGN | Pheochromocytoma
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| Cancer that starts in early forms of nerve cells found in an embryo or fetus (1:3 starts in adrenal gland); the 2nd most common malignancy in child (0-5), highly malignant | Neuroblastoma
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| What gland is known as the master gland? | pituitary gland
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| Hormones secreted by this gland control the level of most glandular activity throughout the body | pituitary gland
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| Which lobe of the pituitary gland secretes ACTH, FSH, GH, LH, Prolactin (milk production), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) | anterior lobe
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| Which lobe of the pituitary gland secretes ADH & oxytocin (for muscle contractions? | posterior lobe
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| A condition due to the primary hypersecretion of pituitary hormones causing gigantism & acromegaly | Hyperpituitarism
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| Occurs when the body can’t regulate how it handles fluid due to low levels of ADH; Increase in thirst and dilution of urine | Diabetes Insipidus
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| Large ductless gland in the neck that secretes hormones regulating growth & development through the rate of metabolism (produces T3 & T4) | Thyroid gland
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| Commonly develops as a result of iodine deficiency or inflammation of the thyroid gland; not all cause symptoms such as swelling and cough | Goiter
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| Encapsulated tumors that vary greatly in size & usually compress adjacent tissue; cause deviation or compression of the trachea, & may extend into superior mediastinum | Thyroid Adenoma
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| These glands secrete PTH = responsible for regulating the blood levels of calcium & phosphate | Parathyroid glands
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| Common endocrine disorder in which the pancreas fails to secrete insulin or target cells fail to respond to this hormone | Diabetes Mellitus
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| Onset of diabetes mellitus that develops in children & requires daily insulin injections | Juvenile
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| Develops later in life & can be controlled by diet alone | Non-insulin dependent
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| T/F The pituitary gland secretes several different types of steroid hormones including: mineralocorticoids, androgens, glucocorticoids. | false
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| Is the 2nd most common malignancy in children | neuroblastoma
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| Excess production of this hormones in Cushing's syndrome may be attributable to generalized bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex, or it may be the result of a functioning adrenal or even nonadrenal tumor. | glucocorticoid
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| All of the following are diseases of the adrenal cortex: | aldosteronism, hypoadrenalism, & adrenal carcinoma
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| Common treatments for endocrine system disease include all of the following | surgical resection, hormone replacement therapy, & chemotherapy
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| The best imaging modality/ exam for demonstrating both functioning and nonfunctioning thyroid tissue is? | radioactive iodine scanning
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| What is the name for an enlargement of the thyroid gland that does not result from an inflammatory or neoplastic process? | goiter
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| What are the 5 functions of bones? | 1. supporting framework of the body
2. protect vital organs
3. muscle contraction & joint movement
4. red bone marrow produce blood cells
5. maintain calcium levels
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| Disruption of bone caused by mechanical forces applied either directly to the bone or transmitted along the shaft of the bone | fractures
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| What are 3 signs that a fracture has occurred? | joint effusion, soft tissue swelling, & interruption of bony trabeculae
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| A fracture that results in discontinuity between 2 or more fragments | complete Fx
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| Partial discontinuity with a portion of the cortex remaining | incomplete Fx
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| the overlying skin is intact | closed Fx
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| Overlying skin is disrupted | compound/open fracture
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| Runs at a right angle to the long axis of the bone | Transverse Fx
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| runs approximately 45 degrees to the long axis of the bone | Oblique Fx
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| Encircles the shaft, generally longer than an oblique fracture; caused by a twisting motion | Spiral Fx
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| Generally small fragments torn from bony prominences | Avulsion Fx
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| Composed of more than 2 fragments | Comminuted Fx
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| Elongated triangular fragment of cortical bone | Butterfly Fx
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| Consists of a segment of the shaft isolated by proximal and distal lines of a fracture | Segmental Fx
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| Results from compression forces that causes compaction of bone trabeculae | Compression Fx
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| A portion of bone displaced inward on skull or tibial plateau | Depressed Fx
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| Response of bone to repeated stresses (runners 2nd & 3rd metatarsals) | Stressed/fatigue Fx
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| Occurs in bone weakened by some preexisting condition. | Pathologic Fx
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| Incomplete fracture with the opposite cortex intact | Greenstick Fx
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| One cortex is intact buckling or compaction of opposite | Torus/Buckle
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| Plastic deformation caused by a stress that is too great to permit complete recovery of normal shape | Bowing
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| Occurs when a plane of cleavage exists in the bone w/o angulation or separation | Undisplaced/non-displaced
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| Separation of bone fragments | Displacement
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| Angular deformity between the axes of the major fragments | Angulation
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| Displacement of a bone that is no longer in contact with its normal articulation | Dislocation
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| Only partial loss of continuity of the joint surfaces | Subluxation
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| How many views are needed and at what degree difference for trauma? | 2 views 90 degrees from each other
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| Healing of fracture fragments in a faulty position | Malunion
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| any fracture that takes longer to heal than an average fracture (caused by diabetes/smoking) | Delayed union
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| Fracture healing process has completely stopped, fragments remain ununited | Nonunion
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| Best exam for battered child syndrome? | skeletal survey
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| wrist fracture from fall on outstretched hand | Colle's Fx
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| most common carpal bone fracture | Navicular/Scaphoid Fx
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| fracture to 5th metacarpal usually from resulting blow of fist | Boxer's Fx
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| transverse fracture at the base of the 5th metatarsal; caused by stepping off curb or falling while walking stairs | Jone's Fx
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| T/F Most shoulder dislocations are anterior. | True (95%)
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| T/F Most hip dislocations are posterior. | True (80%-90%)
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| fracture & displacement of the ring of atlas, fracture of dens | Jefferson Fx
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| anterior subluxation of C2 on C3 (MVC) | Hangman's Fx
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| Is the major cause of severe acute or chronic of recurring low back and leg pain (with lumbar intervertebral disks) | Protrusion/Herniation
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| Twisting & curvature in the lateral perspective of the spine (S curves, more than 20 degrees) | Scoliosis
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| Problem with scoliosis outside the spine (leg lenght) | functional scoliosis
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| vertebra fail to form completely or separate appropriately | neuromuscular scoliosis
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| Cleft in the pars interarticular that is situated between the superior & inferior articular process | Spondylosis & Spondylothesis
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| This position shows spondylolisthesis demonstrate the lucent cleft in the pars interarticularis | lateral lumbar
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| This position demonstrates spondylolysis which appears as a fractured scotty dog neck | oblique lumbar
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| A posterior defect of the spinal canal, resulting from failure of the posterior elements to fuse properly | Spina Bifida
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| Mild/insignificant form of spina bifida; splitting of bony canal at L5-S1/tuft of hair) | Spina Bifida Occulta
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| Type of spina bifida with large defects with herniation of meninges | Meningocele
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| Type of spina bifida with large defects with herniation of meninges and a portion of spinal cord & nerve roots | Myelomengicolee
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| aka marble bone; a rare hereditary bone dysplasia that prevents bone marrow from forming; bones become very brittle and stress fractures occur often | Osteopetrosis
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| aka brittle bone; an inherited disorder of connective tissues, characterized by multiple fxs, & an unusual blue color sclera; Due to imperfectly formed or inadequate bone collagen (Adults generally wheelchair bound) | Osteogenesis Imperfecta
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| What is seen when imaging osteogenesis imperfecta? | bizarre deformities (may mimic child abuse) & lower kVp due to bone loss
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| How is Osteomalacia and rickets treated? | doses of vitamin D with calcium supplements
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| This disease is the most common chronic metabolic disease of the skeleton & has a cotton wool appearance on radiograph | Paget's Disease
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| Generally occurs in the end of a long bone in metaphysis (knee; between ages 10-25); usually given 5 year survival rate | Osteogenic Sarcoma
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| Malignant tumor of cartilaginous origin a new or within a preexisting cartilaginous lesion; commonly occurs in long bones, often originates from ribs, scapula, or vertebrae (age 35-60) | Chondrosarcoma
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| Primary malignant tumor arising in the bone marrow of long bones; tumor cells invade cortical bone & spread to soft tissue | Ewing's Sarcoma
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| A widespread malignancy of plasma cells that may be associated with bone destruction, bone marrow failure, hypercalcemia, renal failure, & recurrent infections (ages 40-70) | Multiple Myeloma
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| Image shows multiple punched out osteolytic lesions on lateral skull indicates? | multiple myeloma
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| A radiograph of a tear drop on a coronal CT, AP skull or waters x-ray indicates? | blowout fracture
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| Radiographic appearance of a snowman? | pituitary adenoma
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| Infection causing a collection of pus between the dura & arachnoid | subdural empyema
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| Microorganism infection of gray and white matter; risk factors include compromised immune systems (AIDs & cancer) | brain abscess
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| Stages of a brain abscess: | encephalitis, localization, enlargements, & rupture (terminal)
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| Infectious process above the dura & beneath the inner skull table | epidural empyema
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| What is used to treat most CNS infections? | craniotomy & broad spectrum antibiotics
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| An infection of the bone or bone marrow, typically caused by bacteria or sometimes fungus | Osteomyelitis of the skull
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| T/F A hangman's fracture is the result of acute hyperextension of the head on the neck. | True
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| To demonstrate a herniation of an intervertebral disk a ____________ study is recommended. | CT myelogram
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| Fat pad sign is a radiographic finding of a _____________ fracture. | Elbow
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| The most common injury to the foot is a transverse fracture at the base of the fifth metatarsal called a ___________ fracture | Jones
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| The most common cause of osteoporosis is: | hormone changes
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| T/F Multiple myeloma is an additive disease, and as such kVp and mAs should be increased | False
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| Most common reason why we x-ray: | trauma
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| Appendages that are designed to receive communications from other cells | dendrites
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| Causes of such disease are poorly understood, is a combination of genetic & environmental factors | thyroid carcinomas
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| What is the most common type of thyroid carcinoma, it is slow growing & localized? (75%-80%) | Papillary
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| This thyroid carcinoma usually occurs in women over 50, early hematogenous spread (lungs & bone); 15% | Follicular
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| This thyroid carcinoma is familial, most often appearing as a component of a syndrome in which there are multiple endocrine tumors | Medullary
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| An example of a malignant bone tumor is: | Osteogenic sarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma
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| Bacterial meningitis is most commonly caused by ____ in children. | Haemophilus
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| A CT head w/o done after a patient arrives with stroke symptoms is done to rule out? | Intracranial hemorrhage
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| Thickening of heel pads is a radiographic finding in patients diagnosed with: | Hyperpituitarism
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| Common stroke symptoms include: | hemiplegia, hemiparesis, & dysarthria
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| The most common complication & leading cause of death in diabetic patients is: | Renal disease
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