Henle First Year Latin Grammar
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| The First Declension Singular | Nominative ----- -a -------subject
Genitive --------- -ae ------possessive
Dative ----------- -ae -------indirect object
Accusative ----- -am -------direct object
Ablative --------- -ā
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| The First Declension Plural | Nominative ----- -ae -------subject
Genitive--------- -ārum ---possessive
Dative------------ -īs --------indirect object
Accusative------- -ās ------direct object
Ablative---------- -īs
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| The First Declension Gender | All nouns naming individual male persons are MASCULINE. All other nouns are FEMININE.
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| Accent | In words of two syllables, the accent is on the FIRST.
examples: vía; béllum
In words with more than two syllables, if the second last syllable is long, it is accented; otherwise the accent is on the third last syllable.
examples: vidērunt; agmine
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| Quality of Syllables | A syllable is short if it contains a vowel that is short by nature or that is followed by another vowel or diphthong.
examples: regere; gloria
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| Quality of Syllables | A syllable is long if it contains a vowel that is long by nature or a vowel that is followed by two consonants other than a mute (c, g, p, b, t, d) or f followed by a liquid (r,l)
examples: studēre; regendus
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| Nouns | Nouns have gender, number, case, and declension.
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| The Five Latin Declensions | -ae ------- -ī ------- -is ------- -ūs ------- -eī
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| Masculine Nouns of the Second Declension Singular | Nominative ------- -us --------subject
Genitive ----------- -ī ---------possessive
Dative ------------- -ō ---------indirect object
Accusative -------- -um -------direct object
Ablative ----------- -ō
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| Masculine Nouns of the Second Declension Plural | Nominative ------- -ī ---------subject
Genitive ----------- -ōrum ---possessive
Dative ------------- -īs --------indirect object
Accusative ------- -ōs --------direct object
Ablative ----------- -īs
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| Declining a Noun | The nominative, genitive, and gender of a noun determine how to decline it.
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| Declining a Noun | The STEM is that part of a word that keeps its spelling. It gives the MEANING of the word. The ENDINGS show what the WORD DOES in the sentence- whether it's the subject, direct object, indirect object, etc.
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| Declining a Noun | The accusative of neuter nouns and adjectives is ALWAYS like the NOMINATIVE.
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| Neuter Nouns of the Second Declension Singular | Nominative ------- -um -------subject
Genitive ----------- -ī ----------possessive
Dative ------------- -ō ----------indirect object
Accusative -------- -um -------direct object
Ablative ----------- -ō
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| Neuter Nouns of the Second Declension Plural | Nominative ------- -a -------subject
Genitive ----------- -ōrum ----------possessive
Dative ------------- -īs ----------indirect object
Accusative -------- -a -------direct object
Ablative ----------- -īs
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| The Third Declension | The nominative singular of the third declension has no model ending. Thus lēx - law, pars - part, flūmen - river, hostis - enemy, are all nouns of the third declension. Its genitive ending is ALWAYS -is. This shows the third declension and its stem.
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| The Third Declension Gender | Nouns naming individual female persons are FEMININE.
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| The Third Declension Gender | Nouns ending in -er, -or (ERROR) are MASCULINE unless they name an individual female. Then they are FEMININE.
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| The Third Declension Gender | Nouns ending in -s, -o, -x (SOX) are FEMININE unless they name an individual male. Then they are MASCULINE.
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| The Third Declension Gender | Nouns ending in -l, -a, -n, -c, -e, -t (LANCET) are NEUTER unless they name an individual male. Then they are MASCULINE, or if they name an individual female. Then they are FEMININE.
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| Masculīnī generis | words in -os, -nis, -guis, and -cis,
in -es (-itis) and -ex (-icis);
as neuter mark the -us (with -ris)
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| Declension | First find the gender of the noun. Then find the stem from the genitive.
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| Masculine and Feminine Nouns of the Third Declension Singular (example lēx) | Nominative ------- lēx --------the law
Genitive ----------- lēg-is -----of the law
Dative ------------- lēg-ī ------to (for) the law
Accusative -------- lēg-em ---the law
Ablative ----------- lēg-e ------by, etc., the law
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| Masculine and Feminine Nouns of the Third Declension Plural (example lēgēs) | Nominative ------- lēg-ēs --------the laws
Genitive ----------- lēg-um -------of the laws
Dative ------------- lēg-ibus ------to (for) the laws
Accusative -------- lēg-ēs --------the laws
Ablative ----------- lēg-ibus ------by, etc., the laws
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| Masculine and Feminine Nouns of the Third Declension Singular (example pars) | Nominative ------- pars ----------the part
Genitive ----------- part-is -------of the part
Dative ------------- part-ī --------to (for) the part
Accusative -------- part-em -----the part
Ablative ----------- part-e --------by, etc., the part
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| Masculine and Feminine Nouns of the Third Declension Plural (example partēs) | Nominative ---- part-ēs --------the parts
Genitive -------- part-ium ------of the parts
Dative ---------- part-ibus ------to (for) the parts
Accusative ----- part-ēs ---------the parts
Ablative -------- part-ibus ------by, etc., the parts
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| Declension for Masculine and Feminine Nouns | Add the endings of lēx or pars except nouns that have -ium in the genitive plural (like partium). Nouns that have the same number of syllables in the genitive singular as the nominative singular. (hostis, hostis (hostium)).
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| Declension for Masculine and Feminine Nouns | Add the endings of lēx or pars except nouns whose stem ends in two consonants (gēns, gentis,tribe, stem, gent-, hence gentium).
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| Declension for Masculine and Feminine Nouns | Exceptions:
With -um instead of -ium: senum, patrum, mēnsum, mātrum, canum, juvenum, and frātrum
With -ium instead of -um: vīrium, lītium, faucium, Penātium, imbrium and nivium, Samnītium, optimātium
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| Neuter Nouns of the Third Declension Singular (example flūmen) | Nominative ------ flūmen -------the river
Genitive ---------- flūmin-is -----of the river
Dative ------------ flūmin-ī ------to (for) the river
Accusative ------- flūmen -------the river
Ablative ---------- flūmin-e ------by, with, from the river
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| Neuter Nouns of the Third Declension Plural (example flūmina) | Nominative ---- flūmin-a -------the rivers
Genitive -------- flūmin-um -----of the rivers
Dative ---------- flūmin-ibus ----to (for) the rivers
Accusative ----- flūmin-a -------the rivers
Ablative -------- flūmin-ibus ----by, with, from the rivers
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| Declension | For neuter nouns add the endings of flūmen except those which end their nominative with -e, -al, -ar. These have ī in the ablative singular, -ia in the nominative and accusative plural, and -ium in the genitive plural.
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| Declension | The vocative is ALWAYS like the nominative.
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| The Fourth Declension Singular | Nominative ------ port-us ------the harbor
Genitive -----------port-ūs ------of the harbor
Dative ------------ port-uī ------to (for) the harbor
Accusative ------- port-um -----the harbor
Ablative ---------- port-ū -------by, with, from the harbor
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| The Fourth Declension Plural | Nominative ---- port-ūs -------the harbors
Genitive ---------port-uum ----of the harbors
Dative ---------- port-ibus -----to (for) the harbors
Accusative ----- port-ūs --------the harbors
Ablative -------- port-ibus -----by, with, from the harbors
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| The Fourth Declension Gender | All masculine except manus, ūs - feminine hand; domus, ūs - feminine house; cornū, ūs - neuter horn; genū, ūs - neuter knee; a few others
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| The Fourth Declension domus, domūs - feminine house, home | ----------------- singular ---- plural
Nominative -- domus ---- domūs
Genitive ------ domūs ---- domōrum or domuum
Dative -------- domuī ----- domibus
Accusative --- domum ---- domōs or domūs
Ablative ------ domō ------ domibus
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| Neuter Nouns in the Fourth Declension | Have -ū in the accusative singular (like the nominative) and -ua in the nominative and accusative plural.
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| Neuter Nouns in the Fourth Declension | ----------------- singular ----- plural
Nominative -- corn-ū ----- corn-ua
Genitive ------ corn-ūs ---- corn-uum
Dative -------- corn-ū ----- corn-ibis
Accusative --- corn-ū ------ corn-ua
Ablative ------ corn-ū ------ corn-ibus
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| The Fifth Declension Singular | Nominative ------ rēs -------the thing
Genitive ---------- r-eī ------of the thing
Dative ------------ r-eī ------to (for) the thing
Accusative ------- r-em -----the thing
Ablative ---------- r-ē -------by, with, from the thing
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| The Fifth Declension Plural | Nominative ------ r-ēs ----------the things
Genitive ---------- r-ērum-------of the things
Dative ------------ r-ēbus -------to (for) the things
Accusative ------- r-ēs ----------the things
Ablative ---------- r-ēbus -------by, with, from the things
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| The Fifth Declension Gender | All feminine except diēs, diēī which is generally masculine.In the singular, however, when it means a set date or a "period of time" even diēs is often feminine. Certain nouns, such as fidēs - feminine faith, have no plural forms.
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| The Fifth Declension Genitive and Dative Singular | The genitive and dative singular ending is ēī instead of eī when the stem ends in a vowel, as diēs, stem, di, therefore di-ēī.
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| Declining an Adjective | 1. Learn the nominative and genitive from the vocabularies.
2. Those show what model the adjective follows.
3. Add the endings of this model to the stem.
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