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Chapters 1, 2, and 3

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
What did Milgram’s obedience study show about the power of the situation?   show
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show It helps explain why certain circumstances that appear unimportant on the surface can have great consequences for behavior, either facilitating in or blocking  
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show Automatic tasks can be controlled with little to no attention while controlled tasks requires more attention (requires more cognitive resources)  
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what are the advantages of the automatic system?   show
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how can tasks change from controlled to automatic?   show
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show One’s interpretation of or inference about the stimuli or situation that one confronts.  
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how is construal related to experience?   show
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how is construal related to the use of schemas and stereotypes?   show
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show influence the way we construe situations. Social norms  
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how is culture related to construal?   show
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show We look for the easiest way to process information. Our cognitive resources are limited which means we resist “spending” them.  
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What is meant by “human universal”?   show
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show Yes! Both express dominance and submission, anger and fear, through similar facial expressions.  
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What are some important universals?   show
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Why are social neuroscientists so interested in the prefrontal cortex?   show
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Why do we say humans are cultural animals, not just social animals?   show
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show Rules and standards understood by members of a group.  
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how do independent and interdependent societies differ in their emphasis on the individual vs. the group?   show
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show Independent is autonomous so personal uniqueness is expected as it is a big part in independent societies. Interdependent societies are all about connection so personal uniqueness will focus more on adapting to relationships, social roles, and groups.  
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show To describe, make predictions, and explain.  
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Why can’t we rely on our personal observations to provide explanations?   show
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How are hypotheses involved in the research process?   show
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How are theories related to hypotheses?   show
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show People asking question that involves in interviews and written questions.  
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show Random selection captures the proportions of given types of people in the population as a whole while convenience sampling can produce proportions that are severely skewed away from the actual population as a whole.  
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How do positive, negative, and zero correlations differ?   show
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show The statistical measure of degree of relationship between 2 variables.  
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What would a perfect correlation look like?   show
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What kind of conclusion can we draw from correlational research?   show
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show No. Correlation does not mean causation because there is always a possibility that there is a third variable present that may affect the DV.  
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What 3 conditions must be met for a study to be considered a valid experiment?   show
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What is the main advantage of experimental studies?   show
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show Other variables that may influence the DV  
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show Confounding varies systematically and affects one group more that the other. Noise is randomly distributed across groups and affects both groups equally.  
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show A mean of the probability that a given result could have occurred by chance.  
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What is a main effect?   show
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show Combined effect of two IV’s  
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how do internal validity and external validity differ?   show
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show Manipulation check is the measure of success of IV manipulation.  
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show Demand characteristics are features of the experiment that give clues about hypothesis.  
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is there experimenter bias? (how would we reduce it?)   show
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show The degree to which the particular way researchers measure a given variable is likely to yield consistent results.  
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show Reproduction of research results by the original investigator or by someone else. Do other studies get similar results? There to improve the test.  
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show A committee that examines research proposals and makes judgements about the ethical appropriateness of the research.  
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what is the purpose of informed consent?   show
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What is self-concept?   show
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show It is not innate because Gallup’s mirror study shows that the animals and people only responded to the mark on their head if they had gone through the study a couple of times. Only 25% of babies should self-recognition.  
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show Self-concept is both stable and malleable because it is multi-dimensional Ex: language around older relatives  
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common components of self-concept (from "list 3 things" class exercise)   show
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is the self-concept always accurate?   show
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show Observation – of own behavior and of thoughts and feelings • Observing one’s own behavior (self-perception) • Looking at others vs. Oneself  
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Reflected appraisal – what is it? why is it often inaccurate?   show
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when are we likely to do social comparison?   show
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upward social comparison   show
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show looking at someone and comparing to someone worse off than one (a lower dimension)  
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lateral social comparison   show
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show a. accurate self-assessment: lateral social comparison b. goal setting: upward social comparison c. self-enhancement (will it always make you feel better?): downward social comparison  
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what are the characteristics of independent self construal?   show
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what are the characteristics of interdependent self construal?   show
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how do independent and interdependent self construal affect the way we pay attention to social contexts?   show
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how does gender influence self-construal?   show
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show differential treatment from birth highlights gender roles and how they often become part of self-concept.  
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self-handicapping   show
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show focuses on people's efforts to maintain on overall sense of self -worth when confronted with feedback or events that threaten a valued self-image.  
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what is self-monitoring?   show
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show related to the public self. people present themselves the way they want others to see them  
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show -believe they're above average in positive traits -inflated sense of control -unrealistic optimism - self-serving bias  
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show -given unconditional positive feedback (ability and notion that they did well has NO standards -always protected from failure (mar doubt their ability to cope)  
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Sources of self-knowledge and evaluation   show
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show organizing structures that help guide the construal of social information, represent a person's beliefs and feelings about the self, both in general and in specific situations  
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self verification   show
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