vocabulary
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| psychology | the scientific study of the mind, brain and behavior
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| levels of analysis | rungs on a ladder of analysis, with lower levels tied most closely to biological influences and higher levels tied most closely to social influences
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| multiply demand | caused by many factors
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| anorexia nervosa | psychiatric condition marked by extreme weight loss and the perception that one is overweight even when one is massively underweight
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| individual differences | variations among people in their thinking, emotion, personality and behavior
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| naive reason | belief that we see the world precisely as it is
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| scientific theory | explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world
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| hypothesis | testable prediction derived from a scientific theory
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| confirmation bias | tendency to seek out evidence that supports our beliefs and deny, dismiss or distort evidence that contradicts them
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| belief perseverance | tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them
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| metaphysical claim | assertion about the world that's not testable
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| pseudoscience | set of claims that seems scientific but isn't
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| ad hoc immunizing hypothesis | escape hatch or loophole that defenders of a theory use to protect their theory from falsification
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| patternicity | the tendency to perceive meaningful patterns in their absence
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| terror management theory | theory proposing that our awareness of our death leaves us with an underlying sense of terror with which we cope by adopting reassuring cultural worldviews
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| scientific skepticism | approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them
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| critical thinking | set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion
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| correlation-causation fallacy | error of assuming that because one thing is associated with another, it must cause the other
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| variable | anything that can vary
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| falsifiable | capable of being disproved
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| replicability | when a study's findings are able to be duplicated, ideally by independent investigators
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| decline effect | fact that the size of certain psychological findings appears to be shrinking over time
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| introspection | method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences
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| functionalism | school of psychology that aimed to understand the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics
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| natural selection | principle that organisms that possess adaptations survive and reproduce at a higher rate than do other organisms
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| cognitive psychology | school of psychology that proposes that thinking is central to understanding behavior
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| behaviorism | school of psychology that focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking largely at observable behavior
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| cognitive neuroscience | relatively new field of psychology that examines brain functioning and thinking
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| psychoanalysis | school of psychology founded by Sigmund Freud, that focuses on internal psychological processes of which we are unaware
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| evolutionary psychology | discipline that applies Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection to human and animal behavior
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| basic research | research examining how the mind works
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| applied research | research examining how we can use basic research to solve real-world problems
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| interconnectivity | known as connectedness, belief that people can connect to their environment and other people
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| parsimony | the simplest explanation of an event or observation is the preferred explanation
- suggests that all things are equal
- ties into Occam's Razor and is also known as logical simplicity
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| correlate | a relationship between two variables
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| replicate | the repetition of a research study
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| empiricism | the only source of knowledge comes through our senses
- founded by john locke
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| metaphysical | a type of philosophy or study that uses broad concepts to help define reality and our understanding
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| attribution bias | negative interpretations of people's behaviors
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| reciprocal determinism | a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment
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| impingement | perception, impact or contact with a sensory receptor
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