Ct brain, thorax abdomen
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
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on it to display the answer.
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| Neurons have 3 parts. what are they? | axon, cell body and dendrites
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| Central Nervous System is composed of? | brain and spinal cord
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| What is a dendrite? | process that conducts impulses toward the neuron cell body
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| What is an axon? | process leading away from the cell body
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| Multipolar motoneruon. what are they? | neurons that conduct impulses from spinal cord to muscle tissue
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| What does the mulitpolar dendrite look like? | it has one axon and several dendrites
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| What two parts of the neruon make up gray matter? | dendrites and cell bodies
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| what part of the neuron makes up the white matter? | axons
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| Where does the solid spinal cord terminate? | lower border of L1, tapered area called conus medullaris
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| What is the conus medullaris? | the distal tapered ending of the spinal crd at the lower level of L1
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| what is a common lumbar puncture site for spinal tap, contrast injection, etc? | between the spines of L3 and l4
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| What is the name of the membranes protecting the brain and spinal cord? | Meninges
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| Name the three layers from outer to inner of the meninges? | dura mater the outermost, arachnoid connecting the outer and inner , pia mater is the innermost layer
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| What are the three potential spaces to each of the meninges layers | epidural, subdural, subarachnoid.
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| Where is the epidural space of the brain? | between the dura mater and inner table of the skull
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| What is the subdural space fo the brain? | between the duramater and arachnoid space
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| Where is the suarachnoid space? | between the arachnoid and the pia mater
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| What are the three divisions of the brain? | forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
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| What three parts make up the brain stem? | midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
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| The forebrain is comprised of ? | cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalmus
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| The hindbrain is comprised of ? | pons, medulla, and cerebellum
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| the midbrain is coprised of ? | the midbrain
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| How many lobes does the cerebrum have? Name them. | 5 lobes, Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, occipital, and insula (or central)
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| What separates the cerebrum into right and left hemisphere? | longitudinal fissure
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| What is a gyrus? | the raised convuluted area
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| Which two gyri can be identified on CR sectional radiographs? | Anterior Central gyrus , and Posterior central gyrus
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| What is a sulcus? | shallow groove
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| What sulcus separates the parietal and frontal lobes? | central sulcus
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| What is a fissure? | a deeper groove.
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| How many cavities in the ventricles? Name them. | four. Rt and let lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle
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| Where is Cerebral Spinal fluid formed? | lateral ventricles in specialized capillary beds called choroid plexuses
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| What amount of CSF is present within and around the CNS. | 140ml
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| How much CSF is produced daily? | 500ml
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| Name the 4 parts of the lateral ventricle | BODY, ANTERIOR(FRONTAL), pOSTERIOR (OCCIPITAL), INFERIOR (TEMPORAL)
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| The interventricular foramen connect which ventricles? | lateral and third ventricles
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| What two anatomic parts is connected with the cerebral aqueduct | third and fourth ventricles
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| What is the lateral recess? | a lateral extension on either side of the fourth ventricles
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| What is the cerebral aqueduct? | passage that connects third and fourth ventricles
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| What is the interventricular foramina? | connect the body of each lateral ventricle to the third ventricle
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| What is hydrocephalus? | excessive accumulation of CSF within the ventricles
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| What is a cistern? | larger areas withing the subarachnoid space
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| What is the cistern cerebellomedullaris? | located inferiorly tothe fourth ventricle and the cerebellum. it is the largest cistern
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| Where is a cisternal puncture normally performed? | c1 and occipital bone. this is the secondary puncture site for anesthesia into the subarachnoid space
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| Where is the cisterna pontis located? | inferior and anterior to the pons
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| Where is the Thalamus located? | just above the midbrain and under the corpus callosum.
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| What is the function of the Thalamus? | an interpretation center for sensory impulses for pain, temperature and touch, emotions, memory
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| What makes up the diencephalon? | thalamus and hypothalamus
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| the hypothalamus forms the floor and lower walls of the third ventricle. true or false | true
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| the thalamus forms the the walls of the third ventricles. true or false | true
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| Name three significant structures associated with the hypothalamus. | infundibulum, posterior pituitary gland, and optic chiasma
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| What is th infundibulum? | conical process projecting downward and ending in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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| the infundibulum and the posterior pituitary make up what? | neurohypophysis
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| The optic chiasma is located superior to the pituitary gland and anterior to the third ventricle. true or false | true
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| The function of the hypothalamus is? | to control homeostais via the endocrine system
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| What is the midbrain? | short constricted area conecting the forebrain to the hindbrain
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| what makes up the hindbrain? | cerebellum, pons, and medulla
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| what makes up the brain stem? | midbrain, pons and medulla
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| what is the function of the pineal gland? | endorcrine gland secretes hormones that aid in regulating secretory activities
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| what is another name for the pituitary gland? | hypophysis
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| Where is the pituitary gland located? | in and proctected by the sella turcica in the sphenoid bone and attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum
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| what unites the right and left hemishpere of the cerebellum? | vermis
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| what are the advantages of volume scanning over single slice scanning? | multiplanar reconstruction, shorter scan times, and artifacts reduced
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| What is multiplanar reconstruction (MPR)? | volume scanning that allows reconstruction of patient data into alternative planes
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| What is bolume ct scanners | continuous rotation of the x ray tube via slip rings
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| what are the advantages of the multislice ct scanner over single or volume ct scanners? | shorter acquistion time, decreased amount of contrast media, improved spatial resolution, improved image quality.
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| What are the disadvantages fo the multislice over single and volume ct scanners? | cost.
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| What are the three major components of the CT system? | gantry, computer and operator console
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| The gantry is made up of ? | x ray tube, detector array and collimnators
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| the central opening in the gantry is called? | aperture
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| what factors are included in each protocol? | kvp, ma, pitch, field of view , slice thickness, table indexing, reconstruction algorithms, and display windows
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| What is volume elements or voxels? | three dimensional tissue
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| The depth of a voxel is determined by? | slice thickness
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| What is the baseline for CT numbers? | water = 0
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| What is window width ? | the range of CT numbers that are displayed as shades of gray , controls displayed image contrast
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| What is Window level? | controls image brightness or determines the CT number that will be the center of the WW. determined by the tissue density
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| What is pitch | a ratio reflecting the relationship between table speed and slice thickness. determines amount of anatomy covered in a particular scan
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| what is the formula for pitch? | couch movement(mm/sec) per 360 rotation of tube/collimation
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| what pitch indicates that the table speed and slice thickness are equal. | 1:1 pitch
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| What is a scanogram? | preliminary scan, scout ot topogram
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| How are axial scans viewed? | as though the viewer were focing the patient and looking at the scan from the foot end of the patient
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| What is the relationsip of patient dose to pitch? | patient dose is inversely proportional to the pitch. lower pitch = higher dose, thinner slice = higher dose
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| For a head CT the primary beam is alighned? | parallel to a line passing from the nasion to the skull
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| The head CT usually performed with two window settings why? | one to allow optimal visualization of the brain with lower contrast, the other for bony detail with higher contrast
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| What is subdural hemotoma? | collection of blood under the dura mater, caused by trauma to the skull
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| what is hydrocephalus? | blockage to drainage of CSF from ventricles causing enlargement of ventricls
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| what are two types of positive contrast agents used to opacify the gastrointestinal tract? | barium sulfate suspensions and non ionic water-soluble solutions
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