Masterworks: A Musical Discovery - Holoman - Intro to Music All Vocab
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| show | for. The indications a2 or a3 mean the line is to be played by both or all three members of the section.
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| show | Without instrumental accompaniment; applied to choral music, particularly of the Renaissance.
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| show | Instrumental music without illustrative or programmatic intent.
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| accelerando | show 🗑
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| show | Emphasis of a musical event, typically by increased volume or sharper attack.
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| accidental | show 🗑
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| show | Accompanied; as in recitativo accompagnato (recitative with orchestral accompaniment).
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| acoustics | show 🗑
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| show | At will, or at the pleasure of the performer; typically an optional part that may be left out.
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| adagio | show 🗑
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| Agnus Dei | show 🗑
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| Alberti Bass | show 🗑
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| alla breve | show 🗑
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| show | A broadening (and often slowing and swelling), usually at the end of a movement.
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| allegretto | show 🗑
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| show | Fast. Allegro assai = Quite fast. Allegro con brio = Fast and bright. Allegro ma non troppo = Not too fast. Allegro moderato = Moderately fast. Allegro molto = Quite fast. Allegro vivace = Fast and spirited.
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| alto | show 🗑
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| andante | show 🗑
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| show | Term that has come to mean a little faster than andante, but which once meant a little slower than andante.
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| animato | show 🗑
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| answer | show 🗑
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| show | thus the first half of a two-part phrase, where the second seems to be an appropriate outcome of the first.
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| anthem | show 🗑
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| show | Referring to music by multiple performing groups separated by space.
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| arabesque | show 🗑
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| show | Cancels the instruction "pizzicato" ("pizz.").
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| aria | show 🗑
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| arioso | show 🗑
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| arpeggio | show 🗑
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| show | Very; as in Allegro assai (very fast).
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| show | Having no allegiance to tonality; not having a key.
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| attacca | show 🗑
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| show | Stating familiar melodic materials in longer-than-ordinary note values.
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| augmented interval | show 🗑
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| show | Term that describes the most progressive or radical element of an artistic movement.
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| baguette | show 🗑
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| ballad | show 🗑
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| ballade | show 🗑
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| bar | show 🗑
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| bar line | show 🗑
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| show | (1) Voice part midway between tenor and bass. (2) Brass instrument having the appearance of a small tuba. (3) Member of an instrument family between tenor and bass; as in baritone saxophone.
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| show | (1) Lowest-sounding voice part. (2) Double bass viol, lowest of the orchestral string instruments. (3) Lowest-sounding line of a score, or the lowest pitch in a chord. (4) Lowest-sounding member of a family of instruments, as in bass clarinet.
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| show | In Baroque music, a continuously sounding bass part over which the rest of the composition is built.
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| show | Prevailing metrical pulse.
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| bebop | show 🗑
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| bel canto | show 🗑
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| binary form | show 🗑
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| show | Use of two keys at once.
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| blue note | show 🗑
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| show | Musical style at the heart of the music of black Americans and permeating jazz and popular forms.
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| boogie-woogie | show 🗑
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| bop | show 🗑
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| bourrée | show 🗑
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| bridge | show 🗑
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| BWV | show 🗑
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| cadence | show 🗑
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| show | Passage of improvisatory display for the soloist, especially in a concerto.
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| canon | show 🗑
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| cantabile | show 🗑
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| cantata | show 🗑
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| show | Melody from some other work borrowed to serve as the basis for a new polyphonic composition.
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| cantus firmus mass | show 🗑
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| show | A caprice, usually a light, fanciful, and imaginative solo work, darting about from segment to segment.
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| show | Keyboard instrument of the orchestral percussion section where metal plates are struck by hammers. Invented in the late nineteenth century.
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| chaconne | show 🗑
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| chamber music | show 🗑
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| show | Song.
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| chant | show 🗑
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| show | Descriptive miniature composition of the Romantic period, usually for piano.
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| show | Congregational hymn of the Lutheran church.
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| chorale prelude | show 🗑
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| chord | show 🗑
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| chromatic scale | show 🗑
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| show | Style of composition that makes pointed use of chromatic melodies and harmonies. (See also semitone.)
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| show | Diagram in which the 12 pitches and associated keys are set around a circle where each member is a fifth higher.
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| show | Keyboard. Often used as generic term to describe any keyboard instrument.
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| show | Sign that associates a line on a staff with a particular pitch and thus serves as a "key" to the system.
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| closing theme | show 🗑
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| show | Closing section of a movement.
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| col legno | show 🗑
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| collegium musicum | show 🗑
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| show | Florid embellishment of a vocal line, esp. for soprano in the high register; a soprano who specializes in such parts.
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| compound meter | show 🗑
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| show | With spirit, lively; as in Allegro con brio.
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| show | With fury, furiously; as in Allegro con fuoco.
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| show | With motion; as in Allegro con moto.
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| con sordino | show 🗑
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| show | Overture intended to stand alone in a concert, not to go before a theater piece.
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| concertante | show 🗑
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| concertino | show 🗑
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| show | Principal first violinist in an orchestra.
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| concerto | show 🗑
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| concerto grosso | show 🗑
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| consequent | show 🗑
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| show | Musical stability as perceived in certain intervals and chords. The opposite is dissonance.
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| show | Bass line of a Baroque work with instruments, and the instruments that play it. Same as thoroughbass. Provides the underpinning for Baroque composition. See also figured bass.
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| contralto | show 🗑
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| contrapuntal | show 🗑
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| show | Manner in which two or more melodic lines are combined and juxtaposed to produce pleasing and technically correct intermingling.
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| show | In fugue, the melodic material that accompanies statements of the subject.
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| show | Growing louder. See decrescendo.
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| cyclicism | show 🗑
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| da camera | show 🗑
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| show | On reaching this instruction (or its abbreviation, D.C.) in the score, the performers go back to the beginning of the movement and play until the word fine ("end").
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| show | Type of Baroque sonata or concerto somewhat more rigorous than its counterpart, the sonata or concerto da camera, in that it emphasizes fugal counterpoint.
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| show | Growing softer.
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| development | show 🗑
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| show | (1) Succession of whole tones and half steps that make up a major or minor scale. (2) Interval drawn from that succession.
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| show | Gregorian plainchant for the dead; the sequence from the Requiem Mass.
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| show | Interval a half step narrower than the corresponding minor or perfect interval .
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| diminuendo | show 🗑
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| show | Technnique generally accomplished by stating familiar melodic materials in shorter-than-ordinary note values. See also augmentation.
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| dissonance | show 🗑
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| show | A light work for chamber ensemble, popular as entertainment music in the Viennese Classical period.
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| show | Indication in an instrumental part that the section is to divide the lines between or among them. Abbr. div.
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| show | New Orleans-style jazz for small combo; favored by white musicians.
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| show | Sweet.
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| dominant | show 🗑
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| double fugue | show 🗑
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| double stop | show 🗑
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| downbeat | show 🗑
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| show | Line of constant pitch, or the instrument that plays it.
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| dynamics | show 🗑
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| embouchure | show 🗑
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| entr'acte | show 🗑
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| episode | show 🗑
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| show | Technique of adjusting tunings that divides the octave into 12 equal half steps.
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| espressivo | show 🗑
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| show | Branch of study that treats musics of the world, particularly emphasizing music and culture, and music and oral transmission.
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| show | Composition meant to investigate a particular problem of technique.
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| euphonium | show 🗑
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| exposition | show 🗑
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| show | Term (borrowed from literary and art history) used rather loosely to describe the music of Schoenberg and his school. The artist portrays not simply an object but his or her internal reactions. What results is (in art) exaggerated, distorted, internalize
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| show | Abnormally high register of the male voice, in the range of the female voice.
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| fantasia | show 🗑
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| show | Held out. At the fermata sign, the perfomer holds the pitch or chord at will (or at the will of the conductor).
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| figured bass | show 🗑
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| finale | show 🗑
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| show | Marking in a score that shows where to stop after having made a da capo or dal segno repeat.
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| Five, the | show 🗑
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| forte | show 🗑
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| fortissimo | show 🗑
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| fragmentation | show 🗑
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| show | Baroque form favored by the French composers and their imitators; the kind of movement that begins stage works and instrumental suites of the period.
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| show | On certain kinds of string intruments (guitar, lute, viols), a raised position on the fingerboard that shows where to stop the string in order to produce the appropriate pitch.
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| frog | show 🗑
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| show | Imitative, fugue-like passage in a non-fugal movement.
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| show | One-movement work in imitative counterpoint, where the theme is stated in each voice as a series of subjects and answers.
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| show | Everybody pauses. Abbreviaiton in orchestral scores for general pause.
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| show | Baroque dance in moderate duple meter with prominent upbeat.
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| genre | show 🗑
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| Gesamtkunstwerk | show 🗑
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| show | Building in Leipzig, the cloth merchant's guild hall. A celebrated series of concerts began there in 1781, and eventually the Leipzig orchestra took the name of the hall.
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| glissando | show 🗑
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| Gloria | show 🗑
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| show | Ornamental pitch, usually the upper neighbor, played rapidly and without fixed rhythmic value.
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| show | Slow, solemn.
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| show | Graceful, gracious.
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| show | Name commonly given to the plainsong of the Catholic church, setting the Latin liturgy. Its connection with Pope Gregory the Great (r. 590-604) is uncertain.
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| ground bass | show 🗑
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| show | (1) High, fluty sound produced on a string instrument by touching the string gently rather than fully stopping it, forcing it to vibrate at a higher position in the harmonic series. (2) Position in the harmonic series.
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| show | Technique of organizing pitch simultaneities (chords), and its study. Generally speaking, harmony concerns vertical sonority, and melody concerns the horizontal.
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| hemiola | show 🗑
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| show | Musical texture in which all the parts move simultaneously, with simple chord progressions.
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| show | Strophic religious composition, generally for the congregation to sing.
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| idée fixe | show 🗑
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| imitation | show 🗑
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| show | Polyphonic practice based on imitation.
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| Impressionism | show 🗑
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| improvisation | show 🗑
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| show | Music for use with a play, consisting of an overture and any necessary entr'acte; music for any pageantry (a wedding march, for example); and perhaps music for any songs sung onstage.
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| show | Orginally, music or light music theater to go between the acts of a serious theater piece. In the nineteenth century the term was used, notably by Brahms, as the title of free piano compositions.
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| interval | show 🗑
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| show | Vertical reversing of a musical relationship, either by switching a pair of voices or by turning a theme in the opposite direction.
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| isorhythm | show 🗑
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| show | Numbers attached to Mozart's works refer to a thematic catalog for Mozart written by Ludwig von Kšchel (1862; rev. through 1964).
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| show | Chapelmaster, a court composer-conductor who would compose music for and lead the palace opera company, orchestra, and church services.
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| show | Tonal center in a piece of music, toward which the music seems to gravitate. It is defined by a particular tonic pitch and its quality of major or minor. There are 12 major and 12 minor keys.
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| show | White-and-black key mechanism that activates a piano, organ, or similar instrument.
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| show | First movement of a choral mass.
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| show | The opera house in Milan, built 1778, which took its name from the church, Santa Maria della Scala, originally on the site.
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| langsam | show 🗑
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| show | Somewhat faster than largo.
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| show | Quite slow. The slowest commonly specified tempo.
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| show | Short lines that extend the staff.
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| show | Smoothly, without space between the pitches.
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| show | German for "leading motive," a compositional device developed by Wagner.
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| lento | show 🗑
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| show | Text of an opera.
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| Lied | show 🗑
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| Liederkreis | show 🗑
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| show | The same tempo; keep the beat the same.
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| liturgy | show 🗑
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| show | But; as in Allegro ma non troppo.
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| show | Most commonly, a Renaissance setting of a secular poem to unaccompanied vocal polyphony.
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| maestoso | show 🗑
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| maestro di capella | show 🗑
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| major | show 🗑
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| Mannheim School | show 🗑
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| marcato | show 🗑
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| mass | show 🗑
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| mazurka | show 🗑
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| show | Basic unit of meter, i.e., one complete metric unit, delineated by the bar line. Measure and bar are interchangeable.
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| melisma | show 🗑
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| show | Coherent, pleasing horizontal succession of pitches a tune.
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| show | Less; as in meno mosso.
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| show | Organization of rhythmic pulses or beats into hierarchies of weak and strong.
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| show | Half. Used to modify the basic dynamic levels (mezzo forte, mezzo piano) and for the voice part mezzo soprano.
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| show | Term first used by a Russian critic to describe an affinity group of five nationalist Russian composers Balakirev, Borodin, Cui, Mussorgsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov.
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| miniatures | show 🗑
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| show | In tonality, the darker and more enigmatic of the two modes of scales, characterized particularly by the half step between scale degrees 2 and 3.
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| show | Dance form in common to the Baroque and Classical periods.
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| M.M. | show 🗑
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| mode | show 🗑
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| show | Moderately.
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| modulation | show 🗑
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| show | Russian for Mighty Handful, the Russian Five.
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| moll | show 🗑
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| show | Very; as in Molto allegro.
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| show | Term describing Italian accompanied solo song of the early seventeenth century.
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| monophonic | show 🗑
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| show | Having a single theme.
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| mosso | show 🗑
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| show | In its most general sense, texted vocal polyphony; the term describes highly significant genres from the Middle Ages through the high Baroque.
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| show | Melodic or sometimes rhythmic cell that retains its character and identity throughout a movement or multimovement composition.
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| movement | show 🗑
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| music drama | show 🗑
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| musicology | show 🗑
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| show | Term applied to an early technique of electronic music where segments of magnetic tape were manipulated (pitch modification by speed change), cut (loops, etc.) and respliced, and then stored to be used for compositional effect.
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| mute | show 🗑
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| neumatic | show 🗑
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| nocturne | show 🗑
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| non troppo | show 🗑
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| obbligato | show 🗑
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| show | Interval between a pitch and another of twice the frequency middle C to the C above it, for example.
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| opera | show 🗑
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| opus | show 🗑
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| oratorio | show 🗑
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| orchestration | show 🗑
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| Ordinary | show 🗑
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| show | Alternative version of a reading; usually simpler.
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| show | Repetition of a pattern many times to constitute the structural underpinning of a piece.
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| show | Work built on an ostinato bass (or ground bass), often a descending chromatic bass.
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| Passion | show 🗑
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| show | Movement that expresses a rural atmosphere or describes country characters and scenes.
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| show | Sustained pitch usually in the bass (often the dominant, sometimes the tonic) over which the music continues to move. It is usually a component of final closure.
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| show | Scale or mode of five pitches, common in folk musics.
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| pesante | show 🗑
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| show | Basic unit of musical structure, typically eight measures, that represents a more-or-less complete musical idea.
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| pianissimo | show 🗑
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| show | Soft.
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| piece | show 🗑
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| show | Discrete, identifiable musical sound of a fixed number of vibrations per second.
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| pi | show 🗑
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| pizzicato | show 🗑
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| show | Term used for the monophonic liturgical repertoire of the Catholic church. Used interchangeably with chant, plainsong, and Gregorian chant.
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| plainsong | show 🗑
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| show | Little, a little; as in poco a poco.
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| show | See imitative counterpoint, imitative polyphony.
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| show | A couple dance to skipping steps in lively duple meter.
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| polonaise | show 🗑
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| show | Having more than one voice.
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| polyrhythm | show 🗑
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| show | Use of several keys at once.
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| show | Bridge of a stringed instrument. Sul ponticello = at the bridge, a thin, nasal, or whiny sound.
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| show | Gentle sliding up into a pitch.
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| prelude | show 🗑
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| presto | show 🗑
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| program | show 🗑
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| show | Jazz from the 1940s and 1950s, where the goal was to renew and expand the orchestral jazz tradition.
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| Proper | show 🗑
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| quarter tone | show 🗑
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| show | American musical style of great popularity at the turn of the twentieth century, characterized by strongly syncopated (ragged) rhythms; the usual form is like that of the American march, involving two strains and a trio.
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| rallentando | show 🗑
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| show | Compass of a musical instrument or voice part, from its lowest note to its highest. See also register.
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| recapitulation | show 🗑
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| show | In opera and related genres, a vocal passage imitating the rhythms and inflections of speech. Often a recitative is followed by an aria. When crisply delivered and accompanied by simple chords in the continuo, the recitative is considered secco (dry); w
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| show | Division of the range (e.g., high, middle, low) of a voice or musical instrument. Roughly synonymous with tessitura.
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| show | The Mass for the dead of the Roman Catholic church.
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| retrograde | show 🗑
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| réunion des thèmes, grande | show 🗑
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| show | Free-form instrumental work, generally carefree and episodic.
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| rhythm | show 🗑
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| show | Orchestral ensemble in a concerto grosso, in textural opposition to the concertino.
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| ritard | show 🗑
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| ritenuto | show 🗑
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| ritornello | show 🗑
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| rococo | show 🗑
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| Romanticism | show 🗑
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| romanza | show 🗑
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| show | Musical form in which the main section recurs between subsidiary episodes, often in an overall sonata pattern (the sonata-rondo).
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| show | Strict canon (at the unison), usually for three voices, that can continue perpetually.
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| show | Pitches, usually all 12, ordered in a succession that serves as the basis of a composition. See series.
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| rubato | show 🗑
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| scale | show 🗑
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| show | Operatic scene for one character, generally embracing a recitative, aria, and finale close.
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| show | Playful. Abbr. scherz.
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| show | Short movement or passage in the manner of a scherzo.
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| show | Movement type directly descended from the minuet and trio and, like the minuet, usually appearing as the third movement of a four-movement instrumental work.
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| show | Notation for an ensemble where a staff is given to each part or section.
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| show | Dry. Recitativo secco is recitative delivered rapidly in speech rhythms and accompanied by the continuo force or a keyboard instrument.
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| show | Worldly; not having to do with the church.
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| show | Go on, usually to the next movement.
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| show | Distance between two adjacent notes on a keyboard; same as half step.
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| show | Simply.
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| sempre | show 🗑
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| show | Without. Typically cancels con sordino (with mute) indications, thus meaning "remove the mute."
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| show | (1) Series of motives restated at ascending or descending pitch levels. (2) The medieval sequence is an important category of Gregorian chant where a series of text couplets, eventually rhymed poetry, was set syllabically.
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| show | Compositional technique in which elements have been prearranged in a fixed series.
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| show | Ordering of elements of pitch, rhythm, dynamics, etc., that serve as the basis of a composition. Music so constructed is called serial.
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| show | Interval bw a pitch & another 6 diatonic steps apart. A semitone less than an octave is a major seventh; a semitone less than that is a minor seventh. Both are strongly dissonant intervals, the major seventh pulling upward, the minor seventh downward
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| show | Common enhancement to triadic harmony wherein a fourth pitch is added to the triad, up another third, thus root + 3rd + 5th + 7th.
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| sforzando, sforzato | show 🗑
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| sonata | show 🗑
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| show | Group of songs, generally with texts by the same poet, unified by a story line or literary theme.
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| show | Highest voice part.
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| show | Mute. Abbr. sord. Con sordino = with mute. Senza sordino = without mute.
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| show | Sustained; as in Andante sostenuto. Often a slower-than-usual tempo is implied. The right pedal on a piano is the sostenuto pedal, allowing the strings to vibrate until the pedal is released and lowers the dampers.
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| sotto voce | show 🗑
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| spiritoso | show 🗑
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| Sprechstimme | show 🗑
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| staccato | show 🗑
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| stretto | show 🗑
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| show | Quickening; sometimes a lurch forward.
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| strophic | show 🗑
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| Sturm und Drang | show 🗑
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| subito | show 🗑
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| subject | show 🗑
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| show | (1) Group of dances in various national styles, usually preceded by an extended prelude or overture, common to the Baroque period. (2) Series of movements extracted from a larger work (often a ballet) to make an effective concert work.
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| suspension | show 🗑
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| show | One-movement work for orchestra with narrative or descriptive intent. See tone poem.
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| symphony | show 🗑
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| syncopation | show 🗑
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| show | Speed, rate of speed. Tempo is indicated by a (rather approximate) direction in Italian (e.g., Allegro non troppo), a metronome marking (M.M.), or both. Tempo primo, Tempo I = at the original tempo.
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| tenor | show 🗑
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| show | Held, sustained. Abbr. ten.
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| show | Prevailing range, or ambitus, of a part-high, middle, low-in relation to the overall compass of that part.
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| texture | show 🗑
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| show | The recomposition of a theme as it is reused so that gradually its character becomes radically different.
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| theme | show 🗑
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| theme and variations | show 🗑
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| through composed | show 🗑
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| tie | show 🗑
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| show | Tone color that distinguishes the character of an instrumental or vocal sound.
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| show | Improvisatory showpiece for organ, often an introductory movement preceding a fugue. Originally the term toccata (keyboard music, "touched" with the fingers) was used as opposed to cantata (sung music) and sonata (instrumental music).
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| tonality | show 🗑
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| show | One-movement work for orchestra with narrative or descriptive intent. Same as symphonic poem.
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| tonic | show 🗑
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| tranquillo | show 🗑
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| show | Moving of a passage of music from one pitch level to another. Composers also notate parts for transposing instruments such that when the player plays the notated pitches the appropriate-sounding pitches come out called a transposed part.
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| tremolando | show 🗑
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| tremolo | show 🗑
|
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| show | Chord built of three pitches in intervals of the third.
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| show | Fast alternating between a main pitch and the diatonic pitch above it.
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| show | (1) Music for three performers; in music that descends from Baroque practice, this implies two treble instruments and basso continuo. (2) The center section of form in the minuet and trio family, generally in somewhat reduced orchestration
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| Tristan chord | show 🗑
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| show | Too much; as in Allegro non troppo (not too fast).
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| tutti | show 🗑
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| show | Name given by Schoenberg to his system of composition using a row or series as the basis of a composition.
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| unison | show 🗑
|
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| show | Beat that precedes the downbeat.
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| show | Effect used by woodwind & string players, singers to enhance the tone quality by cycles just above & below the desired pitch, using pulsations of the diaphragm or a backandforth motion of the left hand on the fingerboard (for the strings)
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| show | Vivacious, bright.
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| show | Alive, vigorous.
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||||
| voce | show 🗑
|
||||
| waltz | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Scale that progresses only in whole steps instead of the patterns of half steps and whole steps that define major and minor scales.
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|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
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