Thinking and Language
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| cognition | the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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| concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
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| prototype | a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype proveds a quick and easy method for including items in a category
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| algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error prone - use of heuristics
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| heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems effiecently; usually speedier but also more prone the algorithms
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| insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions
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| confirmation bias | a tendency ti search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
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| fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving
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| mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been sucessful in the past but may not be helpful in solving a new problem
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| functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
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| representativeness heuristic | juidging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information
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| availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
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| overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments
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| framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is frames can significantly affect decisions and judgments
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| belief bias | the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seems valid, or vaild conclusions seem invalid
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| belief perserverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they where formed has been discredited
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| artificial intelligence (AI) | the science of designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things and to simulate human thought processes, such as intuitive reasoning, learning, and understanding language
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| computer neural networks | computer circuits that mimic the brain's interconnected neural cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells
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| language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we cobine them to communicate meaning
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| phoneme | in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound
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| morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
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| grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
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| semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also the study of meaning
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| babbling stage | beginning at 3 to 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
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| one-word stage | the stage in speech development, from about age 1 10 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
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| two-word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements
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| telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - "go car" - using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting "auxiliary" words
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| linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
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