CT/MR FINAL
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| the bone between the orbits; the SMALLEST of the cranial bones | ethmoid bone
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| 3-18 tiny air cells, found on the right and left sides of the nasal cavity | ethmoid sinus
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| a bony projections on the superior portion of the cribriform plate; superior to perpendicular plate | crista galli
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| aka vertical plate; helps to separate the right and left nasal cavity | perpendicular plate
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| scroll like appearing shaped bones that extend diagonally & inferiorly from the lateral walls of the nasal activity | inferior nasal conchae
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| forms the anterior part of the skull as well as the roof of the orbit | frontal bone
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| 1-2 sinuses that drain into the nasal cavity | frontal sinus
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| the largest immovable facial bones that help make up the upper part of the mouth & part of the hard palate | maxilla
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| Functions of sinuses? | resonating chamber for voice, help warm & moisten inhaled air, act as shock absorbers in trauma situations, & possibly help in control of the immune system
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| 2 are fused together which form the upper bridge of the nose | nasal bones
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| lateral to the maxilla & commonly referred to as the cheek bones | zygomatic bones
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| the largest movable bone in the face; commonly referred to as the cheek bones | mandible
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| thin flat bone that extends from the hard palate & forms the posterior part of the nasal septum; articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone in forming the nasal septum | vomer
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| irregular shaped bone (looks like bat with wings); makes up floor of cranial cavity | sphenoid bone
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| 1-2 sinuses, just inferior to the sella turcica | sphenoid sinus
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| provides attachment for connective tissue that anchors the brain anteriorly; severe trauma or shaking can break this = CSF out of the nose & bruising on the brain | cristi galli
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| how many facial bones? | 14
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| how many sets of sinuses? | 4
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| is when the nasal septum is shifted into one nasal cavity versus another | deviated septum
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| are seashell shaped bones that help provide circulation and filtration of the inhaled air before it passes into the trachea and lung | superior & middle nasal conchae
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| forms the medial walls of the orbit and the floor of the nasal lacrimal duct, posterior to the nasal bones | lacrimal bone
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| L-shaped bones that help form part of the nasal cavity floor | palatine bones
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| Pneumonic to remember facial bones? | MVM NIPLZ
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| Functions of facial bones | provide structure, shape & support for the face
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| bony opening that allows for passage of optic nerve | optic canal
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| eyeball, filled with vitreous humor | orbital globe
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| colorless, transparent gel like substance; helps maintain shape of the eyeball | vitreous humor
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| helps focusing objects at different distances; transparent & convex; anterior to globe | lens
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| transparent covering of the eye; protection, anterior to lens | cornea
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| cranial nerve #2; sensory nerve responsible for vision | optic nerve
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| surrounds eye, found within orbital cavity; supports, cushions, & protects the eye | orbital fat
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| where the right & left eye & anterior cerebral peduncles connect; superior to the pituitary | optic chiasm
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| rotates the eye upward | superior rectus muscle
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| rotates the eye downward | inferior rectus muscle
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| rotates the eye medially | medial rectus muscle
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| rotates the eye laterally | lateral rectus muscle
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| superior oblique | rotates the eye up & outward
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| inferior oblique | rotates the eye down & outward
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| When is contrast NOT given in CT orbit imaging? | for trauma, foreign bodies, or graves disease
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| When is contrast used for CT orbit imaging? | masses, cellulitis, & for some visual disturbances
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| mostly fractured facial bones? | zygoma, maxilla, & frontal bones (from blowout fractures)
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| Slices used for orbit imaging? | axial (parallel) & coronal (perpendicular) slices
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| slice thickness for orbit imagine | 1-3 mm
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| How many bones is the orbit made out of? | 3 cranial bones & 4 facial bones
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| what cranial bones make up the orbit? | frontal, sphenoid, & ethmoid
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| what facial bones make up the orbit? | zygoma, maxilla, lacrimal, & palatine
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| Which is better for cranial imaging, CT or MRI? | MRI
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| How is the acoustic and facial nerve imaged? | using IAC
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| cranial nerves anterior to pons? | 1-4
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| cranial nerves posterior to pons? | 5-14
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| Which cranial nerves are studied together? | 7 & 8
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| Which cranial nerve is studied MOST? | Cranial nerve 5
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| Pneumonic for Nerves | Ooh Ooh Ooh To Touch And Feel A Girls Vagus Ahh Hhh
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| cranial nerve 1 & function? | olfactory; smell
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| cranial nerve 2 & function? | optic; visual signals
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| cranial nerve 3 & function? | oculomotor; controls all muscles except for lateral rectus & superior oblique
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| cranial nerve 4 & function? | trochlear; controls superior oblique muscles
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| cranial nerve 5 & function? | trigeminal
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| cranial nerve 6 & function? | abducens; controls eyeball laterally
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| cranial nerve 7 & function? | facial; controls facial expressions
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| cranial nerve 8 & function? | acoustic/vestibulocochlear; equilibrium & hearing
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| cranial nerve 9 & function? | glossopharyngeal; serves the pharynx (throat) for swallowing; posterior 3rd of tongue; & parotid salivary glands (taste & swallowing)
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| cranial nerve 10 & function? | vagus (aka wandering nerve); sensation (HR, gastric motility, respiration, BP, muscles of neck (pharynx & larynx); head, neck and abdomen & thorax
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| cranial nerve 11 & function? | accessory/spinal accessory; serves muscles that move head, neck, & shoulders, involved in voice production
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| cranial nerve 12 & function? | hypoglossal; serves muscles of the tongue
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| What 4 great vessels supply blood to the head and neck? | right and left carotids & right and left vertebrals
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| Supply blood to frontal, temporal, & parietal lobes (anterior circulation of brain) | right and left carotids
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| Supply blood to the posterior circulation of the brain? | vertebral
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| What do the internal carotids consist of? | anterior cerebral, anterior communicating artery, middle cerebral artery, & posterior communicating
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| Supply blood to frontal lobe & medial aspect of parietal lobe | anterior cerebral
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| Connects the anterior cerebral arteries | anterior communicating artery
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| Largest; direct continuation of the internal carotids; supply blood to temporal & parietal lobe | middle cerebral artery
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| Form connection between the internal carotid arteries and the posterior cerebral | posterior communicating
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| Give rise to the basilar, which give rise to the posterior cerebral artery; supply blood to occipital lobe | vertebral
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| Where does the vertebral arise from? | from the subclavian arteries
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| Where is contrast injected? | into VEIN
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| How long does it take for contrast to reach the carotid arteries? | 12 seconds
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| Where is contrast injected if the patient has had a vasectomy or mastectomy?H | opposite side
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| Where is contrast injected when pathology is present? | on opposite side of pathology
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| What does the Circle of Willis consist of? | internal carotid arteries, anterior & posterior communicating arteries, & the anterior, middle, & posterior cerebral arteries
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| Where do most CVAs occur and why? | in the middle cerebral artery because it is the largest
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| Lies along the medial plane; drains blood from the upper cerebral hemispheres | superior sagittal sinus
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| sinus found just superior to the corpus callosum & receives blood from the deep & medial aspects of the cerebral hemispheres | inferior sagittal sinus
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| What does the inferior sagittal sinus converge with? | Vein of Galen (aka great cerebral vein)
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| What do the inferior sagittal sinus and vein of Galen form? | the straight sinus
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| Sinus that receives blood from inferior sagittal sinus and Vein of Galen and empties into confluence | straight sinus
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| Point of convergence of the superior, sagittal, straight, occipital, and transverse sinuses (seen on very posterior coronal image) | confluence of sinuses
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| Extend laterally on each side of cerebrum; right is generally larger; Drains blood from confluence and the petrous portions of the temporal bone | transverse sinus
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| follows an s-shaped pattern; drains into jugular vein | sigmoid sinus
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| Put in order the arterial branches of the aortic arch? | right brachiocephalic, left common carotid, & left subclavian
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| What makes up the superior vena cava? | right and left brachiocephalic veins
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| How long does it take contrast to reach the aortic arch? | 12-15 seconds
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| At what level does the common carotid artery bifurcate into the external & internal carotid artery? | C3-C4
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| internal carotids supply blood to: | anterior & middle cerebrum
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| external carotids supply blood to: | face & neck
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| vertebral arteries supply blood to: | posterior aspect of the brain
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| subclavian arteries supply blood to: | extremities
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| internal jugulars drain blood from: | the brain & the superficial parts of the face & neck
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| external jugulars drain blood from: | from the superficial head
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| subclavian veins drain blood from: | extremities
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| vertebral veins drain blood from: | the C-spine & posterior surface of the skull
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| Identify the components of the main airway: | pharynx & larynx
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| Identify the portions of the pharynx | nasopharynx, oropharynx, & laryngopharynx
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| Identify the subdivisions of the larynx? | vestibular folds & vocal folds/cords
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| Identify the collections of the lymph tissue within the pharynx? | pharyngeal tonsils, palatine tonsils, & lingual tonsils
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| Identify the salivary glands? | parotid, submandibular, & sublingual
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| U-shaped bone located just under the mandible at the level of C3; does not articulate with any other bones, but is the site of many neck muscle attachments | Hyoid bone
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| U/V shaped, at the level of C4; aka Adams apple; serves as an attachment for several laryngeal muscles | thyroid cartilage
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| Single cartilage found just inferior to the thyroid cartilage; only complete ring of cartilage found around the trachea; provide attachments for the various muscles, cartilages, and ligaments involved in opening & closing the airway & in speech production | cricoid cartilage
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| Thin spoon shaped cartilage that guards the entrance of the glottis | epiglottis
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| Passage for air and food | Pharynx
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| First division of pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity | nasopharynx
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| 2nd division pf pharynx to the oral cavity; extends from soft tissue to the tip of the epiglottis | oropharynx
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| Lymph tissue, posterior on lateral walls of oropharynx; adenoids are just superior to | palatine tonsils
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| Lymph tissue on base of the tongue | lingual tonsils
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| 3rd division, posterior to larynx; from tip of epiglottis & is continuous with the esophagus | laryngopharynx
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| What does the laryngopharynx become? | esophagus
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| What structure indicates the oropharynx? | uvula
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| What structure indicates the layngeopharynx? | epiglottis
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| Are spaces on either side of the epiglottis (eyes of frog); a common place for foreign objects to become lodged, anterior to the oropharynx | valleculae
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| Help to divert food away from the larynx, so the food can continue to enter the esophagus | piriform sinuses/recesses
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| Organ of voice | larynx
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| False vocal cords; superior to glottis | vestibular folds
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| aka Vocal cords; ligaments that make up the vocal apparatus of the larynx | vocal folds
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| Major airway of respiratory system; allows for air to enter lungs; extends from larynx to main bronchi; anterior to the esophagus and cervical | trachea
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| Allows for passage of food from oral cavity & pharynx to the stomach | esophagus
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| Produce saliva | salivary glands
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| Largest glands; RT & LT lie anterior to the external ear and lateral to the mandible | parotid
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| 2nd largest salivary glands; RT & LT located just inferior to the mandible on both sides | submandibular
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| Smallest glands, found on floor of the mouth | sublingual
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| endocrine gland, located at the level of the cricoid cartilage; excretes T3, T4, & calcitonin; stimulates cell metabolism & essential for normal body growth and help lower blood calcium | thyroid gland
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| Located on the posterior surface of the thyroid; 4 all together, & helps in the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus | parathyroid glands
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| Help to filter the lymphatic fluid of harmful foreign particles | cervical lymph nodes
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| Originates on the sternum and clavicle and inserts of the mastoid process of the temporal bone; functions to turn the head from side to side & to flex the neck | sternocleidomastoid muscle
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| Muscle of mastication (or chewing); it is innervated by a branch of the trigeminal nerve; arises from the zygomatic arch and inserts on the ramus of the mandible | Masseter muscle
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| Large thick muscle that form the majority of the musculature of the tongue; responsible for the changing the position of the tongue | genioglossus muscle
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