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CT/MR FINAL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the bone between the orbits; the SMALLEST of the cranial bones | ethmoid bone |
| 3-18 tiny air cells, found on the right and left sides of the nasal cavity | ethmoid sinus |
| a bony projections on the superior portion of the cribriform plate; superior to perpendicular plate | crista galli |
| aka vertical plate; helps to separate the right and left nasal cavity | perpendicular plate |
| scroll like appearing shaped bones that extend diagonally & inferiorly from the lateral walls of the nasal activity | inferior nasal conchae |
| forms the anterior part of the skull as well as the roof of the orbit | frontal bone |
| 1-2 sinuses that drain into the nasal cavity | frontal sinus |
| the largest immovable facial bones that help make up the upper part of the mouth & part of the hard palate | maxilla |
| Functions of sinuses? | resonating chamber for voice, help warm & moisten inhaled air, act as shock absorbers in trauma situations, & possibly help in control of the immune system |
| 2 are fused together which form the upper bridge of the nose | nasal bones |
| lateral to the maxilla & commonly referred to as the cheek bones | zygomatic bones |
| the largest movable bone in the face; commonly referred to as the cheek bones | mandible |
| thin flat bone that extends from the hard palate & forms the posterior part of the nasal septum; articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone in forming the nasal septum | vomer |
| irregular shaped bone (looks like bat with wings); makes up floor of cranial cavity | sphenoid bone |
| 1-2 sinuses, just inferior to the sella turcica | sphenoid sinus |
| provides attachment for connective tissue that anchors the brain anteriorly; severe trauma or shaking can break this = CSF out of the nose & bruising on the brain | cristi galli |
| how many facial bones? | 14 |
| how many sets of sinuses? | 4 |
| is when the nasal septum is shifted into one nasal cavity versus another | deviated septum |
| are seashell shaped bones that help provide circulation and filtration of the inhaled air before it passes into the trachea and lung | superior & middle nasal conchae |
| forms the medial walls of the orbit and the floor of the nasal lacrimal duct, posterior to the nasal bones | lacrimal bone |
| L-shaped bones that help form part of the nasal cavity floor | palatine bones |
| Pneumonic to remember facial bones? | MVM NIPLZ |
| Functions of facial bones | provide structure, shape & support for the face |
| bony opening that allows for passage of optic nerve | optic canal |
| eyeball, filled with vitreous humor | orbital globe |
| colorless, transparent gel like substance; helps maintain shape of the eyeball | vitreous humor |
| helps focusing objects at different distances; transparent & convex; anterior to globe | lens |
| transparent covering of the eye; protection, anterior to lens | cornea |
| cranial nerve #2; sensory nerve responsible for vision | optic nerve |
| surrounds eye, found within orbital cavity; supports, cushions, & protects the eye | orbital fat |
| where the right & left eye & anterior cerebral peduncles connect; superior to the pituitary | optic chiasm |
| rotates the eye upward | superior rectus muscle |
| rotates the eye downward | inferior rectus muscle |
| rotates the eye medially | medial rectus muscle |
| rotates the eye laterally | lateral rectus muscle |
| superior oblique | rotates the eye up & outward |
| inferior oblique | rotates the eye down & outward |
| When is contrast NOT given in CT orbit imaging? | for trauma, foreign bodies, or graves disease |
| When is contrast used for CT orbit imaging? | masses, cellulitis, & for some visual disturbances |
| mostly fractured facial bones? | zygoma, maxilla, & frontal bones (from blowout fractures) |
| Slices used for orbit imaging? | axial (parallel) & coronal (perpendicular) slices |
| slice thickness for orbit imagine | 1-3 mm |
| How many bones is the orbit made out of? | 3 cranial bones & 4 facial bones |
| what cranial bones make up the orbit? | frontal, sphenoid, & ethmoid |
| what facial bones make up the orbit? | zygoma, maxilla, lacrimal, & palatine |
| Which is better for cranial imaging, CT or MRI? | MRI |
| How is the acoustic and facial nerve imaged? | using IAC |
| cranial nerves anterior to pons? | 1-4 |
| cranial nerves posterior to pons? | 5-14 |
| Which cranial nerves are studied together? | 7 & 8 |
| Which cranial nerve is studied MOST? | Cranial nerve 5 |
| Pneumonic for Nerves | Ooh Ooh Ooh To Touch And Feel A Girls Vagus Ahh Hhh |
| cranial nerve 1 & function? | olfactory; smell |
| cranial nerve 2 & function? | optic; visual signals |
| cranial nerve 3 & function? | oculomotor; controls all muscles except for lateral rectus & superior oblique |
| cranial nerve 4 & function? | trochlear; controls superior oblique muscles |
| cranial nerve 5 & function? | trigeminal |
| cranial nerve 6 & function? | abducens; controls eyeball laterally |
| cranial nerve 7 & function? | facial; controls facial expressions |
| cranial nerve 8 & function? | acoustic/vestibulocochlear; equilibrium & hearing |
| cranial nerve 9 & function? | glossopharyngeal; serves the pharynx (throat) for swallowing; posterior 3rd of tongue; & parotid salivary glands (taste & swallowing) |
| cranial nerve 10 & function? | vagus (aka wandering nerve); sensation (HR, gastric motility, respiration, BP, muscles of neck (pharynx & larynx); head, neck and abdomen & thorax |
| cranial nerve 11 & function? | accessory/spinal accessory; serves muscles that move head, neck, & shoulders, involved in voice production |
| cranial nerve 12 & function? | hypoglossal; serves muscles of the tongue |
| What 4 great vessels supply blood to the head and neck? | right and left carotids & right and left vertebrals |
| Supply blood to frontal, temporal, & parietal lobes (anterior circulation of brain) | right and left carotids |
| Supply blood to the posterior circulation of the brain? | vertebral |
| What do the internal carotids consist of? | anterior cerebral, anterior communicating artery, middle cerebral artery, & posterior communicating |
| Supply blood to frontal lobe & medial aspect of parietal lobe | anterior cerebral |
| Connects the anterior cerebral arteries | anterior communicating artery |
| Largest; direct continuation of the internal carotids; supply blood to temporal & parietal lobe | middle cerebral artery |
| Form connection between the internal carotid arteries and the posterior cerebral | posterior communicating |
| Give rise to the basilar, which give rise to the posterior cerebral artery; supply blood to occipital lobe | vertebral |
| Where does the vertebral arise from? | from the subclavian arteries |
| Where is contrast injected? | into VEIN |
| How long does it take for contrast to reach the carotid arteries? | 12 seconds |
| Where is contrast injected if the patient has had a vasectomy or mastectomy?H | opposite side |
| Where is contrast injected when pathology is present? | on opposite side of pathology |
| What does the Circle of Willis consist of? | internal carotid arteries, anterior & posterior communicating arteries, & the anterior, middle, & posterior cerebral arteries |
| Where do most CVAs occur and why? | in the middle cerebral artery because it is the largest |
| Lies along the medial plane; drains blood from the upper cerebral hemispheres | superior sagittal sinus |
| sinus found just superior to the corpus callosum & receives blood from the deep & medial aspects of the cerebral hemispheres | inferior sagittal sinus |
| What does the inferior sagittal sinus converge with? | Vein of Galen (aka great cerebral vein) |
| What do the inferior sagittal sinus and vein of Galen form? | the straight sinus |
| Sinus that receives blood from inferior sagittal sinus and Vein of Galen and empties into confluence | straight sinus |
| Point of convergence of the superior, sagittal, straight, occipital, and transverse sinuses (seen on very posterior coronal image) | confluence of sinuses |
| Extend laterally on each side of cerebrum; right is generally larger; Drains blood from confluence and the petrous portions of the temporal bone | transverse sinus |
| follows an s-shaped pattern; drains into jugular vein | sigmoid sinus |
| Put in order the arterial branches of the aortic arch? | right brachiocephalic, left common carotid, & left subclavian |
| What makes up the superior vena cava? | right and left brachiocephalic veins |
| How long does it take contrast to reach the aortic arch? | 12-15 seconds |
| At what level does the common carotid artery bifurcate into the external & internal carotid artery? | C3-C4 |
| internal carotids supply blood to: | anterior & middle cerebrum |
| external carotids supply blood to: | face & neck |
| vertebral arteries supply blood to: | posterior aspect of the brain |
| subclavian arteries supply blood to: | extremities |
| internal jugulars drain blood from: | the brain & the superficial parts of the face & neck |
| external jugulars drain blood from: | from the superficial head |
| subclavian veins drain blood from: | extremities |
| vertebral veins drain blood from: | the C-spine & posterior surface of the skull |
| Identify the components of the main airway: | pharynx & larynx |
| Identify the portions of the pharynx | nasopharynx, oropharynx, & laryngopharynx |
| Identify the subdivisions of the larynx? | vestibular folds & vocal folds/cords |
| Identify the collections of the lymph tissue within the pharynx? | pharyngeal tonsils, palatine tonsils, & lingual tonsils |
| Identify the salivary glands? | parotid, submandibular, & sublingual |
| U-shaped bone located just under the mandible at the level of C3; does not articulate with any other bones, but is the site of many neck muscle attachments | Hyoid bone |
| U/V shaped, at the level of C4; aka Adams apple; serves as an attachment for several laryngeal muscles | thyroid cartilage |
| Single cartilage found just inferior to the thyroid cartilage; only complete ring of cartilage found around the trachea; provide attachments for the various muscles, cartilages, and ligaments involved in opening & closing the airway & in speech production | cricoid cartilage |
| Thin spoon shaped cartilage that guards the entrance of the glottis | epiglottis |
| Passage for air and food | Pharynx |
| First division of pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity | nasopharynx |
| 2nd division pf pharynx to the oral cavity; extends from soft tissue to the tip of the epiglottis | oropharynx |
| Lymph tissue, posterior on lateral walls of oropharynx; adenoids are just superior to | palatine tonsils |
| Lymph tissue on base of the tongue | lingual tonsils |
| 3rd division, posterior to larynx; from tip of epiglottis & is continuous with the esophagus | laryngopharynx |
| What does the laryngopharynx become? | esophagus |
| What structure indicates the oropharynx? | uvula |
| What structure indicates the layngeopharynx? | epiglottis |
| Are spaces on either side of the epiglottis (eyes of frog); a common place for foreign objects to become lodged, anterior to the oropharynx | valleculae |
| Help to divert food away from the larynx, so the food can continue to enter the esophagus | piriform sinuses/recesses |
| Organ of voice | larynx |
| False vocal cords; superior to glottis | vestibular folds |
| aka Vocal cords; ligaments that make up the vocal apparatus of the larynx | vocal folds |
| Major airway of respiratory system; allows for air to enter lungs; extends from larynx to main bronchi; anterior to the esophagus and cervical | trachea |
| Allows for passage of food from oral cavity & pharynx to the stomach | esophagus |
| Produce saliva | salivary glands |
| Largest glands; RT & LT lie anterior to the external ear and lateral to the mandible | parotid |
| 2nd largest salivary glands; RT & LT located just inferior to the mandible on both sides | submandibular |
| Smallest glands, found on floor of the mouth | sublingual |
| endocrine gland, located at the level of the cricoid cartilage; excretes T3, T4, & calcitonin; stimulates cell metabolism & essential for normal body growth and help lower blood calcium | thyroid gland |
| Located on the posterior surface of the thyroid; 4 all together, & helps in the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus | parathyroid glands |
| Help to filter the lymphatic fluid of harmful foreign particles | cervical lymph nodes |
| Originates on the sternum and clavicle and inserts of the mastoid process of the temporal bone; functions to turn the head from side to side & to flex the neck | sternocleidomastoid muscle |
| Muscle of mastication (or chewing); it is innervated by a branch of the trigeminal nerve; arises from the zygomatic arch and inserts on the ramus of the mandible | Masseter muscle |
| Large thick muscle that form the majority of the musculature of the tongue; responsible for the changing the position of the tongue | genioglossus muscle |
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