Ecosystems
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| autotroph | an organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called producers
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| primary producers | the first producer of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms; also called autotrophs
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| photosynthesis | the process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
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| chemosynthesis | the process in which chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates
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| heterotroph | an organism that obtains food by consuming other living things; also called consumers
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| consumer | an organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply; also called heterotrophs
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| detritus | small pieces of dead or decaying plant or animal remains
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| decomposers | eat dead animals and plants
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| herbivores | eat plants only
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| carnivores | eat animals only
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| omnivores | eat both plants and animals
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| food chain | a series of organisms in which energy is transferred from one organism to another by being consumed/eaten
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| food web | a network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem
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| phytoplankton | photosynthetic algae found near the surface of the ocean
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| ecology | the study of interactions between organisms and their environment
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| ecosystem | all of the organisms that live in a place together with their nonliving environment
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| trophic level | each step in a food chain or food web
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| ecological pyramid | an illustration of the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or a food web
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| biomass | the total mass of living tissue within a trophic level
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| biogeochemical cycle | the process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another
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| biosphere | the part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and the atmosphere
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| nutrient | a chemical substance that an organism needs to sustain life
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| biome | a group of ecosystems that share a similar climate and typical organisms
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| biotic factor | any living part of the environment
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| abiotic factor | any nonliving part of the environment
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