Human Development
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| Chapter 3 | Forming a New Life
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| How does conception normally occur? | sperm fertilize the ovum
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| What causes multiple births? | mother releases two eggs or fertilized ovum splits in two
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| most likely time to get pregnant | fertile window
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| What is a gamete? | sex cell
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| What is fertilization also called? | conception
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| union of sperm of ovum to produce a zygote | fertilization (or conception)
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| one celled organism resulting from conception | zygote
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| male sex cell | sperm
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| female sex cell | ovum
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| How many ova does a girl have at birth? | about 2 million
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| What is each ovum in? | its own follicle (or small sac)
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| rupture of a mature follicle in either ovary and expulsion of its ovum | ovulation
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| How often does ovulation occur? | about once every 28 days
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| What are the tiny hairs in the fallopian tube? And where do they sweep the ovum to? | cilica, toward the uterus
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| What produces sperm? | testicles
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| How many sperm does the average male produce per day? | several hundred million
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| What do sperm try to do after entering the vagina? | swim through the cervix into the fallopian tubes to the ovum
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| What happens to the ovum and sperm if it is not fertilized? | they die, sperm absorbed by white blood cells in woman's body, ovum passes through the uterus and exits vagina
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| Dizygotic twins are also known as what kind of twins? | fraternal twins
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| Monozygotic twins are also known as what kind of twins? | identical twins
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| twins conceived by the union of two different ovum with two different sperm cells (or one ovum that has split into two before fertilization) | fraternal twins or dizygotic twins
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| Which types of twins are no more alike genetically than any other siblings? | dizygotic (fraternal)
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| Which type of twins is genetically similar? | monozygotic (identical)
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| twins resulting from the division of a single zygote after fertilization | monozygotic twins or identical twins
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| How can monozygotic twins be different? | temperament, left or right handed, genetic makeup
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| Which type of twins run in families? | dizygotic twins
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| Which type of twins occurs by chance? | monozygotic
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| What is the rare third type of twins called? How does it occur? | semi-identical, two sperm fuse with one ovum
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| What are two reasons multiple births are happening more frequently? | delayed childbearing, increased use of fertility drugs
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| What are risks of having multiple births with assisted production? | pregnancy complications, premature delivery, low birth weight infants, disability, death of infant
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| How and when does fertilization normally take place? | takes place during the fertile window when a sperm and ovum unite
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| What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins? | monozygotic come from one ovum, two sperm; dizygotic come from two ovum and two sperm
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| How do monozygotic twins come about? | two sperm fertilize one ovum
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| How do dizygotic twins come about? | two sperm fertilize two different ova
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| Give reasons for the increase in multiple births in the US. | increase in assisted fertilization, delayed childbearing
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| the science of genetics | the study of heredity
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| inborn factors inherited from biological parents that affect development | heredity
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| What chemical is the basis for heredity? | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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| What are the four basis of DNA? | adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
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| chemical that carries inherited instructions for the development of all cellular forms of life | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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| sequence of bases within the DNA molecule | genetic code
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| governs the formation of proteins that determine the structure and functions of living cells | genetic code
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| coils of DNA that consist of genes | chromosomes
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| small segments of DNA located in definite positions on particular chromosomes | genes
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| functional units of heredity | genes
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| complete sequence of genes in the human body | human genome
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| _ is the genetic material in all living cells. | DNA
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| DNA consists of four chemical units called _. | bases
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| The _ in a gene tells the cell how to make the proteins that enable it to carry out specific functions. | sequence of bases
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| Every cell (except sex cells) in the human body has _ pairs of chromosomes, _ chromosomes total. | 23, 46
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| How many chromosomes does each sex cell end up with? | 23 chromosomes
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| process by which non-sex cells divide in half over and over again, how DNA replicates itself | mitosis
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| type of cell division which sex cells undergo when they are developing | meiosis
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| What a cell divides, does it have the same DNA structure as all the others? | yes
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| When cells divide they do what? | differentiate; specialize in a variety of complex bodily functions
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| How are heredity and environment related at conception? | nutrition and stress can affect hormone levels in mother and baby
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| Does the mother or father's genetics determine the child's gender? | fathers
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| At the moment of conception, 23 chromosomes from the sperm and 23 chromosomes from the ovum, do what? | unite to make 23 pairs of chromosomes
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| 22 pairs of chromosomes not related to sexual expression | autosomes
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| 1 pair of chromosomes that determines sex | sex chromosomes
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| XX are the chromosomes for the normal human _. | female
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| XY are the chromosomes for the normal human _. | male
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| Every ovum has which chromosome, X or Y? | X
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| Every sperm has which chromosome, X or Y? | both
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| What is the gene for maleness? | SRY gene
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| When do reproductive systems start to form in embryo? | six to eight weeks after conception
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| How do the male sex organs start forming? | hormones must signal the SRY gene which then triggers cell differentiation and formation of the testes
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| In mice, when the SRY gene was not signaled, what happened to male mice? | they developed female genitals
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| What is the signaling molecule for the female reproductive system? | Wnt-4
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| The activity of the extra X gene in women can explain what? | gender differences, women are healthier, women live longer
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| Describe the structure of DNA. | four bases make up the genetic code which governs the formation of proteins; thousands of bases from genes which are located on a specific spot of a chromosome; many chromosomes make up the DNA; the whole sequence of DNA makes up the human genome
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| What is the structure of the human genome from largest to smallest? | human genome>DNA>chromosome>gene> (genetic code)>base
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| What is DNA's role in the inheritance of characteristics? | determines traits the child will have
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| Distinguish between mitosis and meiosis. | mitosis-how non-sex cells divide, meiosis- how sex cells divide
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| Who discovered patterns of inheritance by cross-breeding pea plants? | Gregor Mendel, Austrian monk
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| two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and affect the same trait | alleles
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| possessing two identical alleles for a trait | homozygous
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| possessing two different alleles for a trait | heterozygous
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| pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives different alleles, only the dominant one is expressed | dominant inheritance
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| pattern of inheritance in which a child receives identical recessive alleles, resulting in expression of a nondominant trait | recessive inheritance
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| pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes affect a complex trait | polygenic inheritance
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| Are single traits affected by single genes or many genes? | many genes
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| Traits can be affected by _. | mutations
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| permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics | mutations
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| How many people have the same genotype? | none, except for monozygotic twins
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| observable characteristics of a person | phenotype
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| genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics | genotype
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| The phenotype is the product of what two factors? | genotype, relevant environmental influences
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| combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits | multifactorial transmission
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| abnormal variant of a normal gene | genetic predisposition
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| Explain how environmental factors can affect genetics (multifactorial transmission). | person could be good at playing music but if not provided with instrument when younger or not encouraged to play music, musical ability may not be expressed
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| mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells | epigenesis
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| According to scientists, are a child's genes firmly established before birth? | no
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| What mechanism governs the functioning of genes? | epigenesis
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| Does epigenesis affect DNA structure? | no
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| chemical molecules attached to a gene, which alter the way a cell reads the gene's DNA | epigenesis or epigenetic framework
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| "A code written in pencil in the margins around the DNA," describes what? | epigenetic framework
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| Every cell in the body has a (same or different) DNA sequence; _ differentiates various types of body cells. | same, epigenetic markers
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| When errors arise from epigenetic markers turning the wrong genes one or off, what can happen? | birth defects or disease
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| Epigenetic markers can contribute to what common ailments? | cancer, diabetes, heart disease
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| What environmental factors can affect epigenetic changes? | nutrition, stress, physical activity, smoking
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| What is an example of epigenesis? | genome imprinting
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| differential expression of certain genetic traits | genome imprinting
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| In _, genetic information inherited from the parent of one sex is activated but genetic information from the other parent is not. | imprinted gene pairs
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| gene that produces the same phenotype in the organism whether or not its allele identical | dominant gene
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| gene that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its allele is identical | recessive gene
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| ¬¬_ plays an important role in regulating fetal growth and development. | imprinted genes
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| What happens when a normal pattern of imprinting is disrupted? | abnormal fetal growth or congenital growth disorders
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| What percent of birth disorders affect live births? | 3%
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| What percentage of deaths of infants occur in the first year? | 19.5%
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| Are all genetic or chromosomal abnormalities apparent at birth? | no
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| When do we most clearly see the operation of dominant and recessive transmission? | genetic defects and diseases
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| Are normal genes always dominate over those caring abnormal traits? | no, sometimes the abnormal trait is dominant
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| When one parent has a dominant abnormal gene and one recessive normal gene and the other parent has two recessive normal genes each of their children has a _ chance of inheriting the dominant abnormal gene? | 50 – 50
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| _ are expressed only if a child receives the same recessive gene from each biological parent. | recessive defects
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| Defects transmitted by (recessive inheritance or dominant inheritance) are more likely to be lethal at an early age. | recessive inheritance
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| Pattern of inheritance in which a child receives two different alleles resulting in partial expression of a trait | incomplete dominance
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| Give an example of incomplete dominance. | people with only one sickle cell allele and one normal allele do not have sickle cell anemia, show some manifestations of the condition
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| pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring | sex linked inheritance
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| parent does not have the disorder but can pass on the gene for it to her children | carrier
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| Why are boys more vulnerable to receiving chromosome disorders? | there is no opposite dominant gene on the shorter Y chromosome from the father to override a defect on the X chromosome from the mother
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| Why do chromosome abnormalities typically occur? | errors in cell division that occur during meiosis, can result in extra or missing chromosome
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| Some chromosomal abnormalities occur in the _ during cell division. | autosomes
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| Which syndrome accounts for 40% of all cases of moderate to severe mental retardation? And what chromosome does that usually occur on? | Down syndrome, extra 21st chromosome or translocation of part of the 21st chromosome
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| What are obvious physical characteristics associated with the Down syndrome? | downward sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes
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| What happens to the brain of a Down syndrome child? | appear normal at birth, shrink in volume by young adulthood, resulting in cognitive dysfunction
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| Chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate to severe mental retardation and by such physical signs of the downward sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes | Down syndrome
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| clinical service that advises prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects | genetic counseling
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| a birth defect in which much of the baby's brain is missing and some of the internal organs are malformed | anencephaly
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| a photograph that shows the chromosomes when they are separated and aligned for cell division | karyotype
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| What material can a genetic counselor use to determine risk of prospective parents having abnormal children? | blood, skin, urine, fingerprints, chromosomes
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| What does a genetic counselor do? | tries to help clients understand the mathematical risk of a particular condition, explains its implications, presents information about alternative courses of action
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| Quantitative study of relative heredity and environmental influences on behavior | behavioral genetics
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| a study that seeks to measure how much heredity and environment influence particular traits | behavioral genetics
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| How many genes does the human genome have? | between 20,000 and 25,000
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| the study of functions and interactions of the various genes | genomics
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| the application of genetic information to therapeutic purposes | medical genetics
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| an experimental technique for repairing or replacing defective genes | gene therapy
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| What ethical issues are involved in genetic testing? | privacy, fair use of genetic information
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| the misconception that a person with the gene for a disease is bound to get the disease | genetic determinism
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| What can genetic testing tell us about a person getting a disease? | only the likelihood
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| What are some concerns with genetic testing? | psychological impact, testing of children, testing could be misused to justify sterilization, abortion of a normal fetus
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| statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population | heritability
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| Does heritability refer to the relative influence of heredity and environment between populations or any particular individual? | no, influences may be impossible to separate
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| Does heritability tell us how traits develop or to what extent they can be modified? | no
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| What three types of correlational research do behavioral geneticists use? | family, adoption, twins studies
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| In what study do researchers measure the degree to which biological relatives share certain traits and whether the closeness of the familial relationship is associated with the degree of similarity | family studies
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| Can family studies rule out environmental influences? | no
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| In what study do researchers look at similarities between adopted children and their adoptive families and also between the adopted children and their biological families? | adoption studies
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| Which study compares pairs of monozygotic twins with same sex dizygotic twins? | twins studies
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| In studies of twins, why are same sex twins used? | to avoid confounding effects of gender
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| Term describing tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder | concordant
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| Even in a trait strongly influenced by heredity, the environment can have a _ impact. | substantial
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| _ can sometimes overcome genetically determined conditions. | Environmental inventions
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| Developmental scientists have come to regard a solely quantitative approach to the study of heredity and environment as _. | simplistic
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| Instead of looking at genes and experience as operating directly on an organism, researchers see both as part of a complex _. | developmental system
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| What factors can shape development? | constitutional factors (related to biological and psychological makeup), social, economic, and cultural factors
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| potential variability depending on environmental conditions in the expression of a hereditary trait | reaction range
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| Heredity can influence whether a reaction range is _. | wide or narrow
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| Instead of a reaction range advocates of a developmental system model prefer to talk about a _. | norm of reaction
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| What do advocates of a developmental system model argue? | development is so complex and effects of differing environments so variable, these limits are unknowable and their effects unpredictable
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| limitation of expression of certain inherited characteristics | canalization
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| Give an example of canalization. | behaviors that depend largely on maturation appear only when a child is ready, such as motor development
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| Cognition and personality are more subject to _. | variations in experience such as kinds of families children grow up in, schools they attend, people they encounter
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| _ experience can dig channels for development. | usual or typical
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| the portion of phenotypic variation that results from the reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions | genotypic environment interaction
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| Give an example of genotype environment interaction. | many people are exposed to pollen and dust that people with a genetic predisposition are more likely to develop allergic reactions
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| tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences to reinforce each other | genotype environment correlation
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| _ may be passive, reactive (evocative) or active. | genotype environment correlation
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| What is genotype environment correlation also called? | genotype environment covariance
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| Genes influence a person's exposure to particular environments. The environment often _ genetic differences. | reinforces
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| What are three ways to strengthen the phenotypic expression of a genotypic tendency? | passive correlations, reactive correlations, active correlations
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| Parents who provide the genes that predispose a child toward a trait also tend to provide an environment that encourages the development of that trait | passive correlation
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| Define the correlation: the child has no control over it. | passive
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| children with differing genetic makeup evoke different reactions from adults | reactive correlation
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| Define the correlation: parents react to the child's genetic makeup. | reactive
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| as children get older and have more freedom to choose their own activities and environments, they actively seek or create experiences consistent with their genetic tendencies | active correlation
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| tendency of a person, especially after early childhood, to seek out environments compatible with his or her genotype | niche picking
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| the unique environment in which each child grows up consisting of distinctive influences or influences that affect one child differently than another | non-shared environmental effects
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| According to behavioral geneticists what accounts for most of the similarity between siblings? | Heredity
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| According to behavioral geneticists what accounts for most of the differences between siblings? | non-shared environment
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| _ may play an important role in the non-shared environment. | genotype environment correlations
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| What may influence how children perceive and respond to treatment and what its outcome will be? | genes
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| Can genes influence lifespan? | yes
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| extreme overweight in relation to age, sex, height and body type | obesity
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| Is obesity a multifactorial condition? | yes
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| What percentage of the risk of obesity is genetic and what percent is environmental influence attributed to? | 40 to 70%
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| _ exerts a strong influence on general intelligence including specific abilities such as memory, verbal ability, and spatial ability. | Heredity
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| What can intelligence depend upon? | Brain size, brain structure, genetic control, experience
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| (Environmental influence or Heritability) is greater and (environmental influence or heritability) is lower among poor families than economically privileged families. | Environmental influence, heritability
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| What is primarily responsible for the stability of cognitive performance? Does it increase with age? | Genetic influence, yes
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| What age group does shared family environments seem to have a dominant influence on? | Young children
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| What age group does shared family environment not have an influence on? | Adolescences
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| _ environment is influential throughout life and is primarily responsible for changes in cognitive performance. | Non-shared environment
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| characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations | temperament
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| What is largely inborn and is often consistent over the years? | Temperament
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| mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; symptoms include hallucinations and delusions | schizophrenia
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| What are some mental disorders that show a strong hereditary influence? | Schizophrenia, autism, alcoholism, depression
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| Can heredity alone produce mental disorders? Why? | No, can be triggered by environmental factors
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| What can cause schizophrenia? | Lack of reelin, neurological insults in fetal life, exposure to influenza, maternal rubella, respiratory infections in second or third trimester, obstetric complications, poor or severely deprived as result of a war or famine, advanced paternal age
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| period of development between conception and birth | gestation
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| What are the three stages of prenatal development? | Germinal, embryonic, fetal
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| What two stages occur during gestation? | Embryo, fetus
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| Development proceeds according to what two fundamental principles? | Growth and motor development occur from top down and from center of the body outward
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| age of an unborn baby usually dated from the first day of an expectant mothers last menstrual cycle | gestational age
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| first two weeks of prenatal development characterized by rapid cell division, blastocyst formation, and implantation in the wall of the uterus | germinal stage
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| What month of prenatal development: growth is more rapid than any other time during prenatal or postnatal life, embryo reaches 10,000 times greater size, blood flows, umbilical cord forms, miniscule heart | one month
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| What month of prenatal development: embryo becomes a fetus, facial parts are clearly developed, arms, legs, thin covering of skin, bone cells appear, stomach produces digestive juices, react to tactile stimulation | two months
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| What month of prenatal development: fingernails, toenails, eyelids, vocal cords, lips, prominent nose, sex can be detected, organ systems functioning, swallow amniotic fluid, ribs and vertebrae turned to cartilage, mouth can open, close, swallow | three months
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| What month of prenatal development: body is catching up to the head, umbilical cord as long as fetus, placenta fully developed, fetus kicking, reflexive activities brisker | four months
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| What month of prenatal development: individual personality, sleep wake patterns, favorite position, more active, heartbeat, respiratory system not adequate to sustain life outside world, baby born not usually survive, hair growing | five months
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| What month of prenatal development: fat pads under the skin, eyes complete and moving, can hear, just with strong grip, if born only has slight chance of survival, breathing apparatus not matured | six months
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| What month of prenatal development: fully developed reflex pattern, cries, breathe, swallows, head hair ma continue to grow, if born chances of survival are fairly good with intensive care | seven months
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| What month of prenatal development: quarters are becoming cramped, movements are curtailed, layer of fat is developing over fetus’s body | eight months
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| What month of prenatal development: fetus stops growing, fat pads continue to form, organ systems operating, heart rate increases, more waste expelled through umbilical cord, reddish color of skin fading | nine months
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| What is the rapid period of cell division and duplication called that occurs within 36 hours of fertilization? | Mitosis
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| How many cells make up the human body? | 800 billion
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| As the fertilized ovum is dividing, where is it traveling? | Through the fallopian tube to the uterus
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| a fluid filled spear which flows freely in the uterus until the sixth day after fertilization | blastocyst
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| What percent of fertilized ova complete the task of implantation and continue to develop? | 10 to 20%
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| Some cells around the edge of the blastocyst cluster on one site to form the _. | Embryonic disc
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| a thickened cell mass from which the embryo begins to develops | embryonic disc
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| The embryonic disc will differentiate into what three layers? | Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
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| the upper layer of the embryonic disc | ectoderm
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| What does the ectoderm include? | the outer layer of skin, nails, hair, teeth, sensory organs, and nervous system including the brain
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| What does the endoderm include? | the lower layer of the embryonic disc, will become the digestive system, liver, pancreas, salivary glands, respiratory system
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| the lower layer of the embryonic disc | endoderm
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| the middle layer of the embryonic disc | mesoderm
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| What does the mesoderm include? | the middle layer of the embryonic disc, will develop and differentiate into the inner layer of skin, muscles, skeleton and excretory and circulatory systems
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| What connects the embryo to the mother while in the uterus? | Umbilical cord
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| What are the parts of the blastocyst cluster? | Embryonic disc, amniotic sac, placenta, umbilical cord
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| fluid filled membrane that encases the developing embryo, protecting and giving it room to move and grow | amniotic sac
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| allows oxygen, nourishment, ways to pass between the mother and embryo | placenta
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| helps to combat an internal infection and gives the unborn child immunity to various diseases | placenta
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| second stage of gestation (2 to 8 weeks), characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs | embryonic stage
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| What is the critical period, when the embryo is most vulnerable to destructive influences in the prenatal environment? | Embryonic stage
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| natural expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb | spontaneous abortion
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| What is another name for spontaneous abortion? | Miscarriage
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| the first three-month period of pregnancy | first trimester
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| What amount of miscarriages occur during the first trimester? | 3 out of 4
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| dead at or after the 20th week of gestation | stillborn
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| final stage of gestation (from eight weeks to birth), characterized by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged body size | fetal stage
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| During the fetal stage, the fetus grows to _ times its previous length. Organs and body systems become more _. | 20, complex
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| Can fetuses feel pain? When can I start to feel pain? | Yes but unlikely before the third trimester
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| prenatal medical procedure using high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of a fetus and its movements, so as to determine whether a pregnancy is progressing normally | ultrasound
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| Which gender a fetus is more active and moves more vigorously? | Male
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| In a fetus, what can stimulate the budding senses of taste and smell and may contribute to the development of organs needed for breathing and digestion? | Partaking of amniotic fluid
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| What suggests that fetuses can hear and feel? | They respond to the mother's voice, heartbeat, vibrations of her body
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| Familiarity with the mother's voice may have been evolutionary survival function, what might that be? | Help newborns locate the source of food
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| When do fetuses start to respond to sound and vibration? | about 26 weeks
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| When does a fetus's response to sound and vibration plot though? | about 36 weeks
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| can fetuses learn and remember before birth? | Yes
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| capable of causing birth defects | teratogenic
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| What is a normal amount of weight for a woman to gain during pregnancy? | 14 to 40 pounds
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| What can make a difference with teratogenic factors? | timing of exposure, the dose, duration, interaction
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| During pregnancy can gaining too little or too much weight be risky? | Both can be risky
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| What is a risk of gaining too much weight during pregnancy? | Baby needs to be delivered by cesarean section, more birth defects, complications of pregnancy, miscarriage, difficulty inducing labor
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| What is a risk of gaining too little weight during pregnancy? | Baby can suffer growth retardation, be born prematurely, die at or near birth
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| What environmental influences can affect a fetus? | Mother's weight, what mother eats, nutrition, drug intake, maternal illness, maternal anxiety, stress, maternal age, outside environmental hazards
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| What long-range effects can prenatal malnutrition have? | Die early in adulthood, osteoporosis, fetal under nutrition, schizophrenia
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| What affect can medical drugs have on a fetus? | birth defects when taken in first trimester
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| What medication can be taken by a pregnant or breast-feeding woman? | None unless it is essential for mother's or child's health
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| What affect can alcohol have on a fetus? | Mental retardation, disturbed infants neurological/behavioral functioning, emotional development, reduced skull and brain growth, reduced responsiveness just stimuli, slow reaction time, reduced visual activity
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| What effects can alcohol have on an infant or child? | Short attention span, distractibility, restlessness, hyperactivity, learning disabilities, memory deficits, mood disorders, aggressiveness, problem behavior
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| combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who have drink heavily during pregnancy | fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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| If a child is affected with fetal alcohol syndrome, what are ways to make them less likely to develop behavioral and mental health problems? | Diagnosed early, reared and stable nurturing environments
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| When should a woman start avoiding alcohol and can she resumed drinking? | when she begins thinking about becoming pregnant and until she stops breast-feeding
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| What affect can nicotine have on a fetus? | Low birth weight, miscarriage, growth retardation, stillbirth, small head circumference, sudden infant death, colic, hyperkinetic disorder, long-term respiratory problems, neurological/cognitive/behavioral problems
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| When can the effects of prenatal exposure to secondhand smoke be worse? | When the child also experiences economic hardships, substandard housing, malnutrition, and adequate clothing
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| Is caffeine considered a teratogenic? | No
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| When women consumed 2 cups of coffee during prenatal development, what risk did they have? | Twice the risk of miscarriage
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|
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| When women consumed 4 cups of coffee during prenatal development, what risk did they have? | sudden death in infancy
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| What affect can marijuana have on a fetus? | Birth defects, low birth weight, withdrawal symptoms, increase risk of attention disorders, learning problems, impaired attention, impulsivity, difficulty in use of visual and perceptual skills
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| What affect can cocaine have on a fetus? | Spontaneous abortion, delayed growth, premature labor, low birth weight, small head size, birth defects, impaired neurological development, acute withdrawal symptoms, sleep disturbances, childhood behavior problems
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| One study found and no specific connection between prenatal cocaine exposure and _. | Physical, motor, cognitive, emotional, behavioral deficits
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| What affect can methamphetamines have on a fetus? | Low birth weight, small for gestational age, fetal growth restriction
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|
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| viral disease that undermines effective functioning of the immune system | Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
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|
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| What illnesses and infections should perspective parents try to prevent? | All interaction's including common cold, flu, urinary tract infection, STDs
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| virus crosses over to the fetuses bloodstream through the placenta during pregnancy, labor, delivery, or after birth through breast milk | perinatal transmission
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| What affect can rubella have on a fetus? | Deafness, heart defects
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|
||||
| What symptoms does toxoplasmosis (a parasite from animals) have? | No symptoms or common cold symptoms
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| What affect can toxoplasmosis have on a fetus? | Fetal brain damage, severely impaired eyesight or blindness, seizures, miscarriage, stillbirth, death of the baby, eye infections, hearing loss, learning disabilities
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| What affect can diabetes have on a fetus? | Birth defects, especially of the heart and spinal cord
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|
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| Some tension and stress during pregnancy are _ and do not _ risk of birth complications. | Some, increase
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| physical or psychological demands on a person or organism | stress
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| Unusual maternal stress may _ affect the offspring. | Negatively
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| What are some effects of an abnormal amount of stress on the mother? | cleft lip, cleft palate, heart malformations, autism by deforming the developing brain
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| What affect can delayed childbearing have on a fetus? | Miscarriage, stillbirth, premature delivery, retarded fetal growth, birth defects, chromosome all abnormality
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| What affect can adolescent childbearing have on a fetus? | Premature or underweight babies, heightened risk of death in first month, disabilities, health problems
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|
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| What outside environmental hazards can affect prenatal development? | Air pollution, chemicals, radiation, extremes of heat and humidity, other environmental hazards
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|
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| What affect can outside environmental hazards have on a fetus? | Premature, undersized abnormality, chromosomal abnormality, low birth weight, slowed fetal growth, asthma, allergies, autoimmune disorders, cancer, IQ deficit
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|
||||
| What affect can dental x-rays have on a fetus? | Mental retardation, small head size, chromosomal malformations, down syndrome, seizures, poor performance on IQ test/in school
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|
||||
| What can cause a man's sperm to be abnormal or poor quality? | Marijuana or tobacco smoke, alcohol, radiation, DES, pesticides, high ozone levels, occupation
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|
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| What affect can a man's sperm have on a fetus? | Low birth weight, slowed fetal growth
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|
||||
| What affect can a pregnant woman's exposure to her father secondhand smoke have on a fetus? | Low birth weight, infant respiratory infections, sudden infant death, cancer and childhood and adulthood
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|
||||
| What affect can an older father’s sperm have on a fetus? Why? | Dwarfism, schizophrenia, autism due to damaged or deteriorated sperm
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|
||||
| What affect can a younger father’s sperm have on a fetus? | Premature birth, low birth weight, small for just a show age
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|
||||
| Are scientists able to detect an unborn baby's progress and well-being? | Yes
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|
||||
| Are scientists able to intervene and correct some abnormal conditions in a fetus? | Yes
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|
||||
| Why is early prenatal care important? | Screaming for defects and diseases, can prevent maternal or infant death, other birth complications, information about pregnancy, childbirth, infant care
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|
||||
| Why do rates of low birth weight and premature birth continued to rise? | Increasing number of multiple births, benefits of prenatal care are not evenly distributed
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|
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| Why is preconception care needed? | Physical examinations, vaccinations, risk screening, counseling women on proper steps to take
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|
||||
| How does conception normally occur? | fertilization- union of sperm and ovum, form a one celled zygote, duplicated by cell division
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|
||||
| What causes multiple births? | fertilization of two ova (or one ovum that splits) or splitting of one fertilized ovum, more than two can result from either or both
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|
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| Which twins have different genetic makeup? | dizygotic (fraternal)
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|
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| Which twins have the same genetic makeup? | monozygotic (maternal)
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|
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| How can monozygotic twins be different? | temperament, etc.
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|
||||
| How does heredity operate in determining sex? | mother's ovum carries a X chromosome, father's sperm carries X or Y chromosome
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|
||||
| How does heredity operate in transmitting normal and abnormal traits? | different sequences on the DNA cause normal or abnormal traits
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|
||||
| What are the basic functional units of heredity? | genes
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|
||||
| What are genes made of? | DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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|
||||
| What does DNA do? | carries the biochemical instructions that governs the development of cell functions
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|
||||
| Why is each gene located in a specific place on a chromosome? | located according to function
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|
||||
| What is the complete sequence of genes in the human body called? | human genome
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|
||||
| How many chromosomes are received at conception? | 23 from the mother, 23 from the father, total of 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs
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|
||||
| How many pairs of chromosomes are autosomes? | 22 pairs
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|
||||
| How many pairs of chromosomes are sex chromosomes? | 1 pair
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|
||||
| XX would produce what gender child? | female
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|
||||
| XY would produce what gender child? | male
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|
||||
| What are the simplest patterns of genetic transmission? | dominant inheritance, recessive inheritance
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|
||||
| Homozygous or Heterozygous trait: a pair of alleles are the same. | homozygous
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|
||||
| Homozygous or Heterozygous trait: a pair of alleles are different | heterozygous
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|
||||
| Most normal human characteristics are the result of _. | multifactorial transmission
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|
||||
| Does each child inherit a unique genotype? | most, but not monozygous twins
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|
||||
| Does a person's phenotype always express the underlying genotype? Why? | no, dominant inheritance and multifactorial transmission
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|
||||
| _ controls the functions of particular genes. | epigenetic framework
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|
||||
| How can the epigenetic framework be affected? | by environmental factors
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|
||||
| What can birth defects and diseases be a result of? | dominant, recessive or sex-linked inheritance, mutations, genome imprinting, chromosomal abnormalities
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|
||||
| What can genetic counseling do? | give prospective parents information about the mathematical odds of bearing children with birth defects
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|
||||
| Does genetic testing involve risks or benefits? | both
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|
||||
| How do scientists study the relative influences of heredity and environment? | behavioral genetics, family/adoption/twin studies
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|
||||
| How do heredity and environment work together? | reaction range, canalization, genotype-environment correlation, niche-picking
🗑
|
||||
| Research in behavioral genetics in based on what assumption? | that relative influences of heredity and environment can be measured statistically
🗑
|
||||
| How can researchers measure the hereditability of a specific trait? | family studies, adoption studies, twin studies
🗑
|
||||
| If _ is an important influence on a trait, then genetically closer people will be more _ in that trait. | heredity, similar
🗑
|
||||
| Siblings tend to be more _ than _ in intelligence and personality. | different, alike
🗑
|
||||
| What roles do heredity and environment play in physical health, intelligence and personality? | obesity
🗑
|
||||
| What can be influenced by both heredity and environment? | obesity, longevity, intelligence, temperament, other aspects of personality
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|
||||
| _ is a highly heritable neurological disorder that can be environmentally influenced. | Schizophrenia
🗑
|
||||
| What are the three stages of prenatal development? | germinal, embryonic, fetal
🗑
|
||||
| What happens during germinal development? | first two weeks of prenatal development, characterized by rapid cell division, blastocyst formation, implantation in the wall of the uterus
🗑
|
||||
| What happens during embryonic development? | second stage of gestation, 2-8 weeks, characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs
🗑
|
||||
| What happens during fetal development? | final stage of gestation, 8 weeks to birth, characterized by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged body size
🗑
|
||||
| What can happen to severely defective embryos during the first trimester? | spontaneous abortion
🗑
|
||||
| As fetuses grow, what happens to their movement? | move less but more vigorously
🗑
|
||||
| What might stimulate the taste and smell to a fetus? | swallowing amniotic fluid
🗑
|
||||
| What can fetuses start to mentally do before birth? | hear, exercise sensory discrimination, learn, remember
🗑
|
||||
| What environmental influences can affect prenatal development? | nutrition, smoking, alcohol, drugs, transmission of maternal illness or infection, stress, age, external environmental hazards, chemicals, radiation
🗑
|
||||
| Can a developing organism be greatly affected by its prenatal environment? | yes
🗑
|
||||
| Can external influences affect the father’s sperm? | yes
🗑
|
||||
| What can depend on the likelihood of a birth defect with environmental factors? | timing and intensity of environmental event and interaction with genetic factors
🗑
|
||||
| What techniques can assess a fetus is health? | ultrasound, sonoembryology amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, fetoscopy, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, umbilical cord sampling, maternal blood test
🗑
|
||||
| Why is prenatal care important? | can lead to detection of defects and disorders, reduce maternal and infant death, low birth weight, other birth complications
🗑
|
||||
| What could preconception care for every woman of childbearing age do? | increase chances of good pregnancy outcomes
🗑
|
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