SRD Fall Review
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| science | the observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of phenomena
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| pseudoscience | a theory, methodology, or practice falsely presented as scientific
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| technology | the application of science to the needs of society, esp. to industrial or commercial objectives
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| ethics | a set of principles or right conduct in a society, moral philosophy
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| reality | the state of things as they actually exist; everything that is, whether or not it is observable or comprehensible
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| perception | the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory information
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| observation | becoming aware of through careful and directed attention
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| inductive reasoning | the process of deriving general principles from particular facts or instances; specific observation to general conclusions. Ex. All sheep I've seen are white, so all sheep must be white
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| deductive reasoning | the process of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from the premises; from the general to the specific; Ex: All turtles have shells, the animal I have captured is a turtle, and so I conclude that the animal in my bag has a shell
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| scientific methods | procedures that scientists use to solve a problem or answer a question; steps; observation, state the problem, research (background information), form a hypothesis, test a hypothesis (experiment), record and analyze data, state a conclusion
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| engineering methods | procedures that engineers use to solve a problem; steps: define a need, develop criteria, research, prepare preliminary designs, build and test a prototype, retest and redesign as necessary
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| journal | a scientist's laboratory notebook containing the written record of mental and physical activities from their research project.
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| annotated bibliography | a list of citations to books, articles, and documents followed by a brief descriptive and evaluative paragraph of the relevancy, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited
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| APA citation style | the American Psychological Association format for work cited; preferred for writing in science
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| Primary source | a source that in an expert in the field being researched
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| hypothesis | a tentative explanation for an observation or phenomenon that can be used as the basis for an investigation
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| controlled experiment | isolates the effect of one variable on a system by holding constant all variables but the one under observation
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| protocol | a set procedure for a scientific experiment
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| control | part of an experiment that remains the same
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| variable | a changed factor in an experiment
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| independent variable | manipulated variable; the scientist deliberately changes it
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| dependent variable | responding variable; responds to changes in the manipulated variable
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| qualitative data | measure of differences in type rather than amounts. Qualities distinguish these items, Examples include race, gender, and color. also called categorical data
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| quantitative data | measure quantity. These are things to which we can assign a number, or that can be measured. Examples include age, height, and weight; also called measurement variables
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| accuracy | a measurement of the closeness with an accepted value
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| precision | degree of exactness; how close a series of measurements are to one another
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| random errors | statistical fluctuation in measured data due to precision limitations of the measurements device; usually result from the experimenter's inability to take the same measurement in exactly the same way to get exactly the same number
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| systematic errors | reproducible inaccuracies that are consistently in the same direction; due to a problem (such as am improperly tared scale), which persists throughout the entire experiment
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| significant digits | those digits of a number that carry meaning contributing to its precision
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| dimensional analysis | a conceptual tool often applied in science, engineering, mathematics, and statistics to understand physical situations involving a mix of different kinds of physical quantities
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| continuous variables | take on any value on the scale used to measure it; measure "how much" examples include mass, length, and volume
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| discrete variables | can assume only a few possible values on the scale used to measure it; divisions of these values are not valid, measure of "how many"
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| mean | arithmetic average, the most common measure of center
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| median | represents the middle value in a distribution
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| mode | the most repeated number in a distribution
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| range | first to last number in an ordered pair; to find subtract the smallest observation from the largest
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| quartile | a fourth of a group of numbers
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| interquartile range | a measurement of the distance between the first and third quartiles; measures the spread of the middle half of the data
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| five number summary | consists of the smallest observation, the first quartile, the median, the third quartile, and the largest observation of a data set
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| outliers | an observation that is numerically distant from the rest of the data. An observation is an outlier if it falls more than 1.5 x IQR below Q1 or above Q3
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| variance | the sum of the squared deviation divided by n-1
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| standard deviation | measurement of the spread of values; square root of the variance
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| stem and leaf plots | a display that organizes data to show its shape and distribution, Each Data value is split into a "stem" and a "leaf." The "leaf" is usually the last digit of the number and the other digits to the left of the "leaf(s)" form the the stem
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| box and whisker plots | graphical representation helpful in interpreting the distribution of data. A box is drawn with ends thru Q1 and Q3.Then a vertical line is drawn through the box at the median.Next the lines are drawn from each end of the box to the smallest/largest values
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| histogram | a bar graph of frequency distribution, can be skewed or in a bell shaped curve
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| bell curve | normal "bell shaped" curve of a histogram; they have identifiable standard deviation
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| normal distribution | a population of continuous variables in a bell shaped symmetrical curve
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| skewed distribution | a population of continuous variables in an asymmetrical curve, whos lopsidedness of frequencies
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| null hypothesis | states that any difference seen in two sets of numbers is simply due to chance and is not significant. P values of less than 0.05 are generally considered adequate for rejection
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| t test | a technique for analyzing random samples of continuous variables from normally distributed populations
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| chi squared test | "goodness of fit" test; used to evaluate the differences between experimental and observed data of discrete variables
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| conclusion | a decision based on observations
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| inference | reasoning from factual knowledge or evidence
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| theory | in science , a well tested explanation of a natural phenomenon that unifies a broad range of observations with a high degree of confidence
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| fact | knowledge or information based on real occurrences
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