GED Science vocabulary words
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| acceleration | any change in the speed or direction of motion of an object
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| acid | substance with a pH less than 7
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| adaptation | process that helps an organism survive in its environment
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| applying ideas | taking information learned in one set of circumstances and using it in another situation
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| atomic mass | total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an element
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| base | Substance with a pH greater than 7
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| chemical reaction | a change in which atoms of one or more substances form new substances with different chemical and physical properties
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| Compare | to identify how things are ALIKE
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| compound | a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in which each loses its identity and the new substance has properties different than the original elements
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| condensation | the change of a gas into a liquid
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| Contrast | to identify how things are DIFFERENT
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| covalent bond | a chemical combination of two or more atoms in which pairs of electrons are shared
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| decomposer | in a food chain, an organism that breaks down dead plants and animals
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| denitrification | process by which certain bacteria in the soil change nitrates into nitrogen gas, returning it to the air
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| dominant trait | a trait that will appear in an offspring if one parent contributes it (dominant traits are stronger than recessive traits)
In the example on the right, tall is the dominant trait, shown with a capital T. Any offspring that gets a “T” will be tall
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| element | substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substance by chemical means
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| endothermic reaction | chemical reaction that absorbs energy
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| enzyme | protein that speeds up chemical reactions in cells
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| evaluate | to examine something in order to judge its significance
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| exothermic reaction | chemical reaction that releases energy
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| faulty logic | errors in reasoning
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| food chain | the transfer of energy from one organism to the next, each organism consuming the previous one
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| force | a push or pull acting on an object
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| friction | a force that slows down or prevents motion
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| genotype | the genetic makeup of an individual organism
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| gravity | the force of attraction that exists between all objects in the universe
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| hybrid | an organism that carries both the dominant and recessive versions of a particular trait
In the example on the right, flowers that have the genotype Rr would be hybrids. Their phenotype (observable physical characteristic) would be pink.
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| hypothesis | theory used to explain something
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| imply | to suggest something without actually saying it
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| inertia | the tendency of an object to keep moving or remain at rest
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| inference | a fact or idea that you figure out based on stated information
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| ion | an atom that has taken on a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons
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| ionic bond | the bond between two or more ions
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| kinetic energy | the energy of an object in motion
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| metamorphosis | the process by which the immature form of an organism turns into a very different adult form
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| mitosis | process by which a cell nucleus divides to form two daughter nuclei identical to parent
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| molecule | a group of atoms that are held together by covalent or ionic bonds
*compounds are molecules that contain more than one element
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| mutation | a change in an organism’s DNA that causes a change in an inherited characteristic
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| natural selection | process by which individuals having characteristics that help them adapt to their environment are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass these characteristics along to their offspring
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| Newton’s First Law of Motion | objects at rest tend to stay at rest,
and objects in motion tend to
stay in motion unless they are
-acted upon by an outside force
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| Newton’s Second Law of Motion | objects will accelerate in the direction of the force that acts upon them; mass and force will affect the rate and direction of acceleration
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| Newton’s Third Law of Motion | if one object exerts a force on another
object, the second object exerts an equal
and opposite force on the first object
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| nitrification | process by which bacteria convert nitrogen in the soil to ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate
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| nitrogen cycle | the continuous circulation of nitrogen through the biosphere primarily through the action of bacteria, precipitation, and decomposition
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| nonrenewable resource | a resource that cannot be replaced once it’s used up
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| nucleus | the part of a cell that controls the cell’s activities (life science) or an atom’s core, consisting of protons and neutrons (physical science)
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| opinion | a belief that may or may not be true
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| organism | a living being
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| osmosis | diffusion of a solvent (usually water) through a semi-permeable membrane until its concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane
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| oxidation | reaction in which an element loses electrons
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| periodic table | arrangement of the elements according to their properties and atomic number
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| phenotype | in genetics, the observable physical characteristics of an organism
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| photosynthesis | Chemical process by which green plants convert water and carbon dioxide into food and oxygen using energy absorbed from sunlight
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| pH scale | range of numbers (0-14) that indicate acidic or basic character of a solution
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| population density | the number of people who live in a specific area
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| potential energy | energy stored in the position of an object at rest
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| predator | an animal that gets its food by hunting and killing it
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| producers | organisms in a food chain that product their own food, usually through photosynthesis
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| proton | particle with a positive charge that forms part of the nucleus of an atom
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| reactant | substance that is an ingredient of a chemical reaction
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| recessive trait | trait that does not appear when combined with a dominant trait, and that must be contributed by both parents in order to appear in an offspring.
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| renewable resource | a resource that can be replaced
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| resistance | a force that opposes or slows motion
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| restate information | to say something in another way
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| solute | the substance being dissolved in a solution
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| solution | a mixture in which one or more substances are dissolved in another
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| solvent | the substance doing the dissolving in a solution
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| summarize | to tell briefly the important points
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| supporting details | observations, measurements, and other facts that back up a conclusion
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| trait | a characteristic of an organism, often inherited
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| unstated assumption | a fact or idea that is taken for granted and not actually stated
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| value | a belief that is prized as extremely important
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| vaporization | the change of a liquid to a gas
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| velocity | the rate of motion of an object in a certain direction
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| water cycle | the continuous movement of water from Earth’s surface to the air and back to the surface again
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