6.5B, 6.10AB Earth's Elements, Layers, & Rocks
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| INNER CORE | Sphere of solid nickel & iron at the center of Earth; surrounded by liquid outer core.
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| OUTER CORE | Outer layer of Earth’s core; surrounds inner core; made of liquid nickel & iron.
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| MANTLE | Solid layer of Earth between the crust & core; made of dense silicates.
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| CRUST | Thin, solid outermost layer of Earth; made of less dense silicates; either continental (landmasses) or oceanic (ocean floors).
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| LITHOSPHERE | Cool, rigid, outermost layer of Earth that consists of the crust & uppermost part
of the mantle; broken into pieces or segments called plates; litho = rock.
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| ASTHENOSPHERE | Solid layer with plasticity in upper mantle located just below the lithosphere; lithospheric plates “float” & move on this layer; astheno = weak.
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| PLASTICITY | Characteristic of the material in the asthenosphere; existing in solid state yet
having the ability to flow without being a liquid.
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| EARTH'S LAYERS | Divisions of the composition of Earth determined by either chemical composition or by physical state of matter.
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| CHEMICAL COMPOSITION | Types, quantities, & arrangements of elements that make up a substance.
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| PHYSICAL PROPERTIES | Measurable characteristics that describe physical state of something, including
mass, magnetism, temperature, density, shape, volume, & conductivity.
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| TEMPERATURE | Measure of the amount of heat energy.
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| STATES OF MATTER | Distinct forms of matter known in everyday experience: solid, liquid, and gas;
also referred to as phases of matter.
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| PRESSURE | Force exerted on matter through contact with other matter; affects melting & boiling points.
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| DENSITY | Amount of matter in a given space or volume; relationship between mass & volume; less dense matter will form layers above more dense matter.
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| EARTH'S EVOLUTION | Process that formed & changed planet Earth from its beginning to the present.
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| MINERAL COMPOSITION | Unique combination of solid elements & compounds that make up a mineral.
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| ROCK CYCLE | Earth's rocks change from 1 type into another over time due to various Earth processes; changes occur in mineral compositions & physical structures.
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| IGNEOUS ROCK | Formed when lava or magma cools & solidifies; lava (above ground) cools quickly & forms rocks with small crystals, while magma (below ground) cools slowly & forms rocks with larger crystals.
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| LAVA | Molten rock or magma that has reached Earth's surface by volcanic action; characterized by small crystals due to rapid cooling on Earth's surface.
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| MAGMA | Melted or molten rock material beneath Earth's surface; cools slowly to form rocks with larger crystals.
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| METAMORPHIC ROCK | Formed deep underground where heat & pressure cause existing rocks to be changed in both mineral composition & structural characteristics.
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| HEAT and PRESSURE | Changing variables due to the weight of overlying rocks, causing changes to rock characteristics & mineral composition, thus forming metamorphic rocks.
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| SEDIMENTARY ROCK | Forms when particles of other rocks are deposited in layers & are compacted (crushed together), & cemented (binding of sediments).
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| COMPACTION | Occurs when rock particles or sediments are pressed together or packed down by gravity & the pressure of overlying rock layers.
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| CEMENTATION | Occurs when compacted sediments stick together & turn into rock.
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| Element | Pure substance composed of the same type of atom throughout.
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| Periodic Table of Elements | Table in which all the known elements are arranged by properties & are represented by 1 or 2 letters, referred to as chemical symbols.
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| Lithosphere | Rigid outer layer of Earth made up of the uppermost part of the mantle & crust; litho = rock; sphere = globe
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| Hydrosphere | All of the water on Earth; hydro = water; sphere = globe
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| Biosphere | Sum of all living matter, made of a limited number of elements including oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, & phosphorus; bio = life; sphere = globe
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| Atmosphere | Layer of gas surrounding planet Earth, held in place by gravity; composed of a limited number of elements, primarily nitrogen & oxygen; atmo = air; sphere = globe
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| Matter | Anything that has mass & takes up space.
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| Properties | Physical & chemical characteristics of matter used to describe or identify a substance.
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| Mixture | Combination of 2 or more substances which do not chemically combine.
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| Uniform Composition | Made of the same evenly distributed substance or combination of substances throughout; uni = one
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