Unit 4 Cell Cycle Learning Statements
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| Cell Cycle | purpose or the end result is to create two identical cells, aka cell division; composed of three main parts; interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
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| Mitosis | divided into Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
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| Prophase | phase of mitosis when nuclear membrane disappears and the DNA coils up tightly from chromatin to form chromosomes
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| Metaphase | phase of mitosis when chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell along the equator with spindle fibers attached
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| Anaphase | phase of mitosis when spindle fibers from centrioles begin to split chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell
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| Telophase | phase of mitosis when chromosomes have moves to opposite sides of the cell and the nuclear membranes begin to develop; animal cells form a cleavage furrow while plant cells form a cell plate
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| Cell Cycle Checkpoints | checks for damaged DNA to ensure two healthy daughter cells at the end; found between G1, G2, and between metaphase and anaphase
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| Interphase | part of the cell cycle; divided into G1, S, and G2
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| G1 Phase | portion of interphase when all organelles and cytoplasm, except the nucleus, replicates
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| S Phase | portion of interphase which replicates DNA; synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid to create two identical copies
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| G2 Phase | portion of interphase where the replication of DNA is checked for mistakes
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| Cytokinesis | part of the cell cycle where the cytoplasm and organelles divide into the newly created daughter cells
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| Cancer | unregulated cell division which causes cells to divide too quickly and produces tumors; repeats the cell cycle continuously
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| Cancer Fighting Drugs | attempt to prevent cell divisions of damaged cells
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| DNA Nucleotide Sequence | order of the nitrogen bases which determines the differences in the traits of organisms
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| DNA Nucleotide Sequence | determines the order of amino acids which creates proteins
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| DNA Base Pairing | adenine = thymine ; cytosine=guanine
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| Deoxyribonucleic Acid | carries the instructions for making proteins in the sequence of the nucleotides ; double helix or twisted ladder shape
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| Proteins | made up of amino acids; necessary for the growth and function of organisms
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| Nucleic Acids | RNA and DNA; made up of CHONP - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
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| Nucleic Acids | made up of nucleotides
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| Nucleotide | small piece of a nucleic acid; made up of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base; only difference among the nucleotides is the nitrogen base
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| DNA Replication | 1. requires separation between the nitrogen bases of the double-stranded nucleic acid by breaking hydrogen bonds
2. free nucleotides match base pairs to open up double helix ; A=T, C=G
3. creates two DNA molecules with one side being the original strand and one strand being the new strand
aka semi-conservative replication
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| DNA | stores information in the form of a code that is necessary for life
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| Enzymes | type of protein used to speed up the rate of chemical reactions in the body
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