Life-Span Human Development, 9th edition: Genetics & Env
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| show | The genetic endowment that members of a particular species have in common; a contributor to universal species traits and patterns of maturation.
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| show | The evolutionary principle that individuals who have characteristics advantageous for survival in a particular environment are most likely to survive and reproduce. Over many generations, this process of “survival of the fittest” will lead to changes in a species and the development of new species.
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| evolutionary psychology | show 🗑
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| cultural evolution | show 🗑
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| show | The moment of fertilization, when a sperm penetrates an ovum, forming a zygote.
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| zygote | show 🗑
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| chromosome | show 🗑
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| show | The process in which a germ cell divides, producing sperm or ova, each containing half of the parent cell’s original complement of chromosomes; in humans, the products of meiosis normally contain 23 chromosomes.
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| mitosis | show 🗑
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| show | Deoxyribonucleic acid, the double helix molecule whose chemical code makes up chromosomes and serves as our genetic endowment; it is made up of sequences of the chemicals A (adenine), C (cytosine), G (guanine), and T (thymine).
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| Human Genome Project | show 🗑
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| show | A process in which genetic material is exchanged between pairs of chromosomes during meiosis.
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| show | Monozygotic twins who develop from a single zygote that later divides to form two genetically identical individuals.
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| show | Twins who are not identical and who result when a mother releases two ova at roughly the same time and each is fertilized by a different sperm.
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| X chromosome | show 🗑
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| show | The shorter of the two sex chromosomes; normal males have one Y chromosome, whereas females have none.
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| genotype | show 🗑
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| show | The way in which a person’s genotype is expressed in observable or measurable characteristics.
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| gene expression | show 🗑
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| single gene-pair inheritance | show 🗑
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| dominant gene | show 🗑
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| show | A less powerful gene that is not expressed phenotypically when paired with a dominant gene.
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| sex-linked inheritance | show 🗑
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| hemophilia | show 🗑
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| show | Mechanism of inheritance in which multiple gene pairs interact with environmental factors to influence a trait.
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| show | A change in the structure or arrangement of one or more genes that produces a new phenotype.
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| show | Instances in which a person receives too many or too few copies of a stretch of DNA; like gene mutations, they can either be inherited from a parent or arise spontaneously and can contribute to diseases and disorders.
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| show | Conditions in which a child has too few, too many, or incomplete chromosomes because of errors in the formation of sperm or ova.
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| Down syndrome | show 🗑
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| sex chromosome abnormality | show 🗑
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| sickle-cell disease | show 🗑
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| carrier | show 🗑
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| show | A genetic disease caused by a single, dominant gene that strikes in middle age to produce a deterioration of physical and mental abilities and premature death.
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| show | A genetic disease in which the child is unable to metabolize phenylalanine; if left untreated, it soon causes hyperactivity and mental retardation.
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| ultrasound | show 🗑
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| amniocentesis | show 🗑
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| chorionic villus sampling (CVS) | show 🗑
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| show | A noninvasive method of prenatal diagnosis involving testing for substances in maternal blood; more recently, analysis of fetal cells that have slipped through the placenta into the mother’s blood.
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| preimplantation genetic diagnosis | show 🗑
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| show | The scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among individuals are responsible for differences among them in traits such as intelligence and personality.
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| heritability | show 🗑
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| twin study | show 🗑
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| show | Method of studying genetic and environmental influence that involves determining whether adopted children are more similar to their biological parents (whose genes they share) or adoptive parents (who shaped their environment).
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| family study | show 🗑
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| concordance rate | show 🗑
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| show | Experiences that individuals living in the same home environment share and that work to make them similar. Contrast with nonshared environmental influences.
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| show | Experiences unique to the individual that are not shared by other members of the family and that tend to make members of the same family different. Contrast with shared environmental influences.
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| show | The analysis of particular genes and their effects, including the identification of specific genes that influence particular traits and the comparison of animals or humans who have these specific genes and those who do not.
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| show | A genetically based pattern of tendencies to respond in predictable ways; building blocks of personality.
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| show | A serious form of mental illness characterized by disturbances in logical thinking, emotional expression, and interpersonal behavior.
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| show | The phenomenon in which the effects of people’s genes depend on the kind of environment they experience and in which the effects of the environment depend on their genetic endowment.
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| diathesis-stress model | show 🗑
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| differential susceptibility hypothesis | show 🗑
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| show | A systematic interrelationship between an individual’s genes and that individual’s environment; ways in which genes influence the kind of home environment provided by parents (passive gene–environment correlation), the social reactions to the individual (evocative gene–environment correlation), and the types of experiences the individual seeks (active gene–environment correlation).
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| show | Phenomenon in which, because parents provide children with both their genes and a home environment compatible with those genes, the home environments to which children are exposed are correlated with (and typically reinforce) their genotypes. Contrast with active gene–environment correlation and evocative gene–environment correlation.
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| evocative gene–environment correlation | show 🗑
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| show | Phenomenon in which children’s genotypes influence the kinds of environments they seek out and therefore experience. Contrast with evocative gene–environment correlation and passive gene–environment correlation.
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| show | A study designed to determine whether there are genetic explanations for apparent environmental effects and establish more firmly whether environment matters (for example, by seeing whether the influence of a parenting behavior is as powerful for adopted children as for biological children).
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| epigenesis | show 🗑
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| epigenetic effects | show 🗑
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| gene therapy | show 🗑
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